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This paper aims to analyse the impact of behavioural biases on asset pricing by hypothesising that sentiment and momentum are relevant risk factors in Pakistan equity market. The paper also examines the influence of sentiment and momentum factors on market risk, size, and value premiums by estimating the interacted asset-pricing model. To carry out the empirical analysis, monthly stock returns of firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange are used for the period 2000-2013. The empirical results indicate that both investor sentiment and momentum factors have a significant impact on the required rate of returns. Specifically, it is found that the premium for both factors is positive and statistically significant. Further, the estimated results provide evidence that the inclusion of these two factors in the Fama-French three-factor model considerably increases the prediction power of the model. The results also reveal that the inclusion of sentiment factor in the Carhart four-factor model significantly increases the prediction power of the model. Yet, the estimation results indicate that the prediction power of the model further increases when the interaction terms are added to the model in order to examine the indirect effects of sentiment and momentum. The results of the interacted model provide evidence of a significant impact of investor sentiment and momentum factors on market risk, size, and value premiums. Although investor sentiment negatively affects all the three premiums, the effect of momentum is positive for both market risk and size premium, whereas, it is negative for value premium. The findings are helpful in explaining and understanding the effects of behavioural biases on stock returns in Pakistan. The findings of the indirect effects suggest that investor sentiment and momentum factors significantly increase the chance of mispricing in Pakistan equity market.

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis which progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) afflicting > 170 million people worldwide. HCV 3a is the most common genotype (about 70% of all genotypes) circulating in Pakistan. Expression of HCV individual gene of 3a would facilitate therapeutic and vaccines strategies against chronic HCV and liver Cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was the establishment of stable Huh-7 cell lines expressing structural and non structural proteins of HCV Genotype 3a Pakistani isolate obtained from chronic HCV patients.MethodsBlood samples were obtained from chronic HCV-3a positive patients. HCV individual genes were amplified using PCR with gene specific primers having restriction sites. These gene amplicons were cloned in mammalian expression vector PcDNA3.1+. Huh-7 cell lines were transfected with these constructed plasmids having structural or non-structural HCV genes in confluent cells with lipofectamine. Positive clones were selected with G418 and then confirmed by genome PCR. Subsequently, transcription and expression of the integrated genes were demonstrated by RT-PCR, sequencing and Western blot analysis.ResultsWe successfully cloned and express five HCV-3a genes in PcDNA3.1+ mammalian expression vector. Results of western blot and sequencing PCR confirmed the stable expression of these five genes.ConclusionThe stable cell-lines expressing HCV-3a individual genes would be a useful tool to investigate the role of various HCV proteins on HCV disease outcome and testing of new therapeutic strategies against HCV.