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Epidemiological data has proved the association of consumption of areca nut with the causation of oral submucous brosis (OSMF). OSMF is a chronic in ammatory disease with the potential for malignant transformation from 7% to 13%. The establishment of animal models makes it easier for researchers to focus on the therapeutic applications to combat this disease further. We developed and compared two areca nut extract (ANE) administration methods in male Swiss albino mice to establish OSMF. We used an invasive intra-buccal injection technique and compared it with a non-invasive oral droplet administration method. The duration of induction was around 12 weeks. Histopathological analysis was performed at regular intervals to assess the establishment of the disease. Our study showed that ANE administration through the oral droplet method was superior in all aspects compared to the intra-buccal injection technique. Through daily dosing, OSMF was established within 12 weeks, as evidenced by histopathological analysis. The non-invasive droplet method could simulate the absorption of areca nut seen in humans. The present study focuses on developing a novel droplet method and its comparison with the intrabuccal injection method of ANE administration to develop OSMF features in Swiss albino mice. Our results suggest that the oral droplet method is an e cient and non-invasive method to administer the ANE to develop OSMF. These ndings will aid the ine cient development of OSMF animal models for interventional studies, including screening novel drugs in the reversal of the OSMF.

Distal shoe appliance (DSA) is an important tool in paediatric dentistry for space maintenance, when there is a premature loss of primary second molar, for guiding the un-erupted permanent rst molar. The purpose of our case report is to discuss the design and fabrication of a modied DSA. In this modied appliance, the primary mandibular incisors were bonded and the primary mandibular canines were banded which were used as abutments for eruption guidance of un-erupted permanent mandibular molars. This appliance was retained in the oral cavity for 8 months until the eruption of rst permanent molars on either side of the arch. It is therefore, a noteworthy and a novel design which can be used for eruption guidance of permanent molars, if at all there be a clinical scenario where there are inadequate abutments due to early loss of all primary molars bilaterally.

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Background and Objective: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a complex disease defined by the loss of pancreatic cells, which leads to complete insulin insufficiency. The Diabetes Control and Problems Trial defines the aims of Type 1 diabetes therapy as achieving adequate glycaemic control, and preventing and avoiding recurrent bouts of hypoglycaemia. Despite ongoing efforts to improve insulin therapy regimens, the actual hormone substitute therapy treats just the symptoms of the disease, with no influence on disease pathology or etiopathogenesis. In recent decades, there has been a lot of interest in preventative techniques in high-risk patients, based on the theory that if a therapeutic intervention is adopted early in the disease, it can help maintain endogenous cell function by protecting the remaining cell reservoir from autoimmune attack. Methods: Based on preclinical and clinical data, we have discussed some immunotherapeutic in this meta-analysis. We referred to the preclinical and clinical studies for teplizumab and rituximab from authentic databases and compiled the data. We used statistical analysis to do a meta-analysis. Results: In two immunotherapeutic anti-CD3 antibodies and anti-CD20 antibodies examples, teplizumab and rituximab, respectively, shows better efficacy as well as fewer side effects. We have discussed this drug briefly based on their mechanism of action and meta-analysis, which compare clinical efficacy. Conclusion: Immunotherapeutic can be a better option for preventing and protecting type one diabetes. Since, the existing literature does not have enough data to support any single drug concluding the same will not be appropriate. Hence further studies are required wherein different drugs can be compared with similar sample sizes for each group of drugs.