No abstract

The transdermal route of drug delivery has gained immense interest for pharmaceutical researchers. The major hurdle for diffusion of drugs and bioactives through transdermal route is the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Currently, various approaches such as physical approach, chemical approach, and delivery carriers have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of bioactives. This review provides a brief overview of mechanism of drug transport across skin, different lipid vesicular systems, with special emphasis on lipid vesicular systems including transfersomes, liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, virosomes, and pharmacosomes and their application for the delivery of different bioactives.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incessant, reverting, inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing two entities, namely, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Numerous protocols have been explored to treat these dreadful diseases, including the use of different IBD drugs with different modes of action and routes of administration. Constant progression in the development of newer formulations, chemical modifications, stimuli-responsive systems, and novel approaches using colloidal and cellular carriers have led to effective treatments of gastric inflammation. Colloidal carriers including vesicular and particulate systems such as liposomes, transferosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microspheres; cellular carriers including erythrocytes, macrophages, and recombinant bacteria; and other systems such as osmotic pressure and plug control release have gained unique positions as drug carriers. Here, we investigate IBD in terms of its pathogenesis, role of genetic factors, currently available treatment options and their modes of action, pharmacokinetics, marketed products, side effects of individual IBD drugs, recent developments, modifications in the delivery of various drugs through novel colloidal drug carriers, and future prospects.

No abstract

No abstract