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Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 198 to 278 before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 48 bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 198 bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.

The Mangifera indica oil is a nonedible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in mango cultivating countries including India. Very little published work has been found on transesterification process. In present study, the transesterification processes with homogeneous catalysts like NaOH, KOH and heterogeneous solid catalysts like nano MgO (crystal size 6-42 nm, BET surface area 50 m 2 /gm), nano ZnO (crystal size 15-48 nm, BET surface area 12 m 2 / gm), and nano SiO 2 (crystal size 1-44 nm, BET surface area 110 m 2 /gm) for optimizing production process of Mangifera indica oil methyl ester (MOME) have been investigated. Effect of input parameters viz. methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst type and its loading, reaction temperature, stirrer speed, and reaction time on the yield of MOME was studied by applying the orthogonal experimental array L 25 . ANOVA (F-test at P 5 0.05) and grey relational technique were used for optimization of yield. The optimal combination of six input variables was obtained for optimized yield of (MOME) biodiesel. The optimal combination so obtained was further confirmed through experiments. Methanol-to-oil molar ratio, catalyst type and catalyst loading were the most influencing parameters. The biodiesel produced is within the limits prescribed by EN-14214 standard.