Introduction: Enterococci have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens and appearance of resistance to many of the antimicrobials used for Gram-positive organisms has made the management of infections due to Enterococcus species difficult. Aim: Aim of the study was to observe the prevalence rate of Enterococcus species and observe its antibiotic resistance pattern in our hospital. Method: Enterococci strains were isolated from various clinical samples by culture and biochemical methods and its antibiotic susceptibility testing was seen by Kirby Bauer method as per CLSI guidelines.Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for detecting Vancomycin resistance was done by Himedia E strip test. Result: In 200 clinical isolates of Enterococcus, 170 were Enterococcus faecalis and 30 species were Enterococcus faecium. Out of 200 Enterococcus isolates 29 were VRE. Conclusion: The prevalence of Enterococcus species was 5.70% and vancomycin resistance among Enterococci isolates in this study was 14.5% and. Treating serious infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococci has emerged as one of the leading clinical challenges for physicians because of limited therapeutic options. Key words: Enterococcus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus, MIC.
Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most dreadful disease & a major global health issue affecting mankind.CD4 cell count is one of most important investigations for evaluation of HIV infected patient. Our aim was to assess the CD4 count pattern in seropositive patients. Material &Methods: A study was conducted on 300 seropositive patients attending ICTC in Department of Microbiology at the tertiary care hospital, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, all above the age of 15 years, were studied for a period of 20months.In this study the CD4 counts estimated at the time of baseline (Pre ART), after 6 months and 12 months of (Post ART). Results: Mean of CD4 count on baseline (Pre ART) was 318.56±230.01. It improved to the 426.16±239.57 cells/mm3 after 6th months and 524.40±246.84 cells/mm3 after 12th months of ART. Mean CD4 counts in males was 298.56 ±220.92 and in females was 346.60 ±240.38 at baseline (Pre ART). Females showed significant improvement than males. Post ART after 6 months there were increase in number of patients from 89 to 149(55.39%) in >350 CD4 cells range, this is further increase to 205 (76.21%) patients after 12 months. Number of patients with an increasing trend of CD4 counts were seen in 224 (83.27%)patients at 6 months and 241 (89.59%) patients at 12th months, whereas 45 (16.73%) patients had a decreased trend in CD4 counts at post 6thmonths and 27 (10.04%) patients at 12th months of ART. Conclusion: The CD4 count is the hallmark surrogate marker for assessing prognosis in HIV infected patients. The programme needs to ensure that maximum number of patients are tested for HIV and linked to the ART centres. Key words: Antiretroviral therapy, CD4 count, HIV, HIV prognosis.
HIV infection is a global pandemic. There is an inverse relationship between CD4 counts and degree of immunosuppression. The present study aim to assess the use of viral load (HIV RNA) and CD4 cell counts in the monitoring of HIV progression and its correlation. This period of 20 months study was conducted on 300 seropositive patients attending ICTC in Department of Microbiology at the tertiary care hospital, fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. CD4 counts were estimated at baseline (Pre ART) and after 6 months and 12 months. Viral load test had done at 6 and 12 months of Post ART. This study didn’t show any significant comparison between HIV RNA levels and CD4 cell counts after 6 months of ART treatment, but after 12 months there was significant negative linear correlation. 12 months of Post ART, TND number of patients increased from 152 patients to 215 patients. Patients who had VL>1000 copies/ml decreased from 27 patients to 10, only 1 patient showed static CD4 counts but achieved TND of viral load. We can conclude that combined use of CD4 and Viral load prognostic markers should prove useful in individual patient management and in the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials.
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