Congenital anomalies play a significant role in perinatal and neonatal mortality. Frequency of these congenital anomalies varies in different populations. Epidemiology is the study of frequency, distribution and determinants of disease in populations. The mission of epidemiology is to contribute to the understanding of etiology and prevention of disease and to improve the health of public through excellence in research. So, this study was conducted to find out proportion, types and immediate outcome of congenital anomalies. In this retrospective and cross-sectional study all patients admitted with congenital anomalies in different hospitals of Sylhet division in Bangladesh from October 2012 to January 2013 (04 months) were included. At first, the patients were examined for major and minor congenital anomalies and recorded properly. Diagnosis of congenital anomalies was based on ultrasonography and clinical evaluation of the fetus/newborn by experienced neonatologist. Major and minor congenital anomalies were categorized depending on their life threatening effects. Various data which were obtained was analyzed by using SPSS 13. Rates and proportions were calculated with 95% confidence interval. The proportions were compared using students T-test. Level of significance was set at P<0.05.The most frequently occurring anomalies involved the central nervous system (28.33%) of which myelomeningocele was the commonest CNS defect (9.09%). According to data, females were more susceptible to myelomeningocele than the male patients.The second frequently occurring congenital anomaly was associated with cardiovascular system (15%). Patients with urogenital anomalies (6.67%) were male, except for one who had ambiguous genitalia. Congenital anomaly associated with gastrointestinal -, respiratory -, musculoskeletal -, chromosomal -and dysmorphism-were noted as 11.67%, 5%, 6.67%, 5% and 3.33%, respectively. About 11% congenital anomalies were found to be linked to other body part system. After analysis of mothers' lifestyle, it was likely to conclude that more stress and efforts should be given on the role of peri-conceptional vitamin supplementation to the pregnant mother. Folic acid was found to be the primary agent for prevention of congenital defects.
The main aim of present investigation was to study the dissolution pattern of most commercially available formulations of Esomeprazole in Bangladesh. Commercially available ten national brands and originator brand of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate tablets were studied in simulated gastric medium (pH 1.2) for first 15 minutes and simulated intestinal medium (pH 6.8) for next 30 minutes time period using USP reference dissolu-tion apparatus (Type II). No brands met the dissolution pattern like the originator brand (E1). But three brands (E3, E6 and E7) were found to be very close to it in terms of dissolution pattern. One brand E11 was found to be sub-standard compared to originator one. Drug release profiles were analyzed for zero order, first order and Higuchi equation to reveal the release kinetics perspective of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate enteric coated tablets. It was found that first order kinetics was predominant for E1 (Originator Brand). Zero order and Higuchi release kinetics was predominant release mechanism than first order release kinetics for E2, E4 and E11. First order release kinetics was predominant for rest of the brands (E3, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9 and E10). It was found that drug release of those brands followed moderately diffusion method and concentration dependant from the dosage form. Among all of these locally manufactured Esomeprazole brands E3, E6 and E7 showed compatible dissolution pattern and release kinetics compared with the originator brand. Key words: In vitro dissolution; Market preparations; Kinetics study; Esomeprazole; National brand; Originator brand. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.8875 SJPS 2011; 4(1): 79-83
The entry of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) into live cells and lipid vesicles has been monitored using probe (e.g., fluorescent dye)-labeled CPPs. However, probe labeling may alter the interaction of CPPs with membranes. We have developed a new method to detect the entry of nonlabeled CPPs into the lumens of single giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) without pore formation in the GUV membrane. The GUVs contain large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) whose lumens contain a high (self-quenching) concentration of the fluorescent dye calcein. If the CPPs enter the GUV lumen and interact with these LUVs to induce calcein leakage, the fluorescence intensity (FI) due to calcein in the GUV lumen increases. The lipid compositions of the LUVs and GUVs allow leakage from LUVs but not from the GUVs. We applied this method to detect the entry of transportan 10 (TP10) into single GUVs comprising dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and examined the interaction of low concentrations of nonlabeled TP10 with single GUVs whose lumens contain Alexa Fluor 647 hydrazide (AF647) and the LUVs mentioned above. The FI of the GUV lumen due to calcein increased continuously with time without leakage of AF647, indicating that TP10 entered the GUV without pore formation in the GUV membrane. The lumen intensity due to calcein increased with TP10 concentration, indicating that the rate of entry of TP10 into the GUV lumen increased. We estimated the minimum TP10 concentration in a GUV lumen detected by this method. We discuss the entry of nonlabeled TP10 and the characteristics of this method.
Purpose The present study aimed to develop carvedilol (CAR)-loaded (25% w/w) sustained release solid dispersion (SRSD), for enhanced dissolution and to explore the applicability of different industrially accessible drying techniques. Methods SRSD-CAR containing different ratios of polymers were prepared and physicochemically characterized. Dissolution study was carried out in both sink and supersaturated conditions to identify the possible enhancement in dissolution behavior. Results Based on the solubility study, Kolliphor® P188 and Eudragit® RSPO (50:25, % w/w) ratio exhibited the highest solubility among the samples and was chosen as the optimal composition of SRSD-CAR for further characterization. The crystallinity assessments of the optimized formulation indicated amorphization of CAR in the formulation, bring about improved solubility of CAR. The infrared spectroscopic study revealed minor transitions; demonstrating the absence of significant interactions between drug and carrier. Furthermore, the SRSD-CAR exhibited immediate formation of nano particles when dispersed in water. Dissolution study revealed significant improvement in dissolution behavior, with a release of CAR in a gradual manner compared to crystalline CAR. From the dissolution kinetics analysis, the Korsmeyer Peppas model fit the best and diffusion was predominant in release of CAR. The drug release pattern showed insignificant differences between the SRSD-CAR formulations prepared by rotary vacuum drying and freeze drying. Conclusion From these experimental findings, SRSD approach might be a favorable dosage option for CAR, offering improved biopharmaceutical properties.
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