Although Bangladesh has suffered from different types of floods which have caused enormous damage to properties and lives, managing floods still remains a challenging task. Flood management is a multisectoral activity due to its complexity, scale, and multidisciplinary nature. Sirajganj district can be regarded as one of the most vulnerable areas in Bangladesh and hence a study was carried out for Sirajganj district to provide guidelines to combat challenges to flood risk management. The flood frequency analyses at three river stations using water level data were carried out, the flood inundation map for different return periods and a flood depth versus damage curve are plotted to address the vulnerable areas and damages, and to help design flood mitigation structures. It can be inferred that damages will be proportional to return period since the risk is a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Both structural and non‐structural measures including rejuvenation of the Jamuna River and low‐cost flood resistant building approaches for flood affected char (island) people are suggested along with a few recommendations to mitigate floods in the study area. The government, Non governmental organization (NGO), funding agencies, and transboundary countries should come forward to mitigate flood hazards to improve the livelihood of the affected people.

Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. is commonly used in folk medicine against various disorders. The present study investigated the antidepressant and cytotoxicity activity of methanol extract of C. pectinata (MECP) along with quantitative phytochemical analysis by GC-MS method. Here, the GC-MS study of MECP presented 41 compounds, among which most were fatty acids, esters, terpenoids and oximes. The antidepressant activity was assessed by the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) models. In contrast, MECP (200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited a significant and dose-dependent manner reduction in immobility comparable with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and phenelzine (20 mg/kg). MECP showed a weak toxicity level in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (ED50: 358.65 µg/mL) comparable to the standard drug vincristine sulfate (ED50: 2.39 µg/mL). Three compounds from the GC-MS study were subjected to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, where only cyclopentadecanone oxime showed positive and negative active binding sites. Cyclopentadecanone oxime also showed a good binding interaction in suppressing depression disorders by blocking monoamine oxidase and serotonin receptors with better pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Overall, the MECP exhibited a significant antidepressant activity with moderate toxicity, which required further advance studies to identify the mechanism.

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Purpose This study highlights the demand for low-cost and high accuracy products through the design and development of new 3D printing technologies. Besides, significant progress has been made in this field. A comparative study helps to understand the latest development in materials and future prospect of this technology. Design/methodology/approach Nevertheless, a large amount of progress still remains to be made. While some of the works have focused on the performances of the materials, the rest have focused on the development of new methods and techniques in additive manufacturing. Findings This paper critically evaluates the current 3D printing technologies, including the development and optimizations made to the printing methods, as well as the printed objects. Meanwhile, previous developments in this area and contributions to the modern trend in manufacturing technology are summarized briefly. Originality/value The paper can be summarized in three sections. Firstly, the existing printing methods along with the frequently used printing materials, as well as the processing parameters, and the factors which influence the quality and mechanical performances of the printed objects are discussed. Secondly, the optimization techniques, such as topology, shape, structure and mechanical property, are described. Thirdly, the latest development and applications of additive manufacturing are depicted, and the scope of future research in the relevant area is put forward.

These findings suggest that Po-MeOH has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal effects along with moderate thrombolytic and lower cytotoxic properties that may warrant the further exploration.

Methods to estimate free-surface evaporation E p and potential evapotranspiration ET p using well known models, namely, Penman-Monteith model, modified Penman method, Food and Agriculture Organization Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) method, Blaney-Criddle method, and Christiansen method, without calibrating any model calibration parameters, for monthly time series are presented. The long-term monthly averaged daily models results are calculated using recorded average historic meteorological data (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997) and compared with the USBR Class-A black pan evaporation data obtained from the Muda Agricultural Development Authority, Malaysia. The comparison results of the long-term monthly averaged daily estimates of E p using these models show that the E p values for the Penman-Monteith model and FAO-PM method for different months are found to be compared satisfactorily with the recorded pan evaporation data. The results of the estimated E p values for different months, the variations of relative errors in different months, the values of mean monthly differences between recorded and estimated E p , and the comparison between the models annual E p with the recorded annual E p , using these models suggest that the Penman-Monteith model can be selected as the best model in E p estimation in the Muda Irrigation Project, Malaysia. The FAO-PM method can be considered as the second best model, successively followed by the Blaney-Criddle method, modified Penman method, and Christiansen method. Thus, the results of the PenmanMonteith model can be interpreted as the validation of the E p model and can safely be used in ET p estimation in the Muda Irrigation Project, Malaysia.

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