Background:
Given the minimal capacity and sometimes the failure of the mammalian nervous system to regenerate and repair itself after damage, strategies are required to help enhance this regenerative process. Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are likely candidates to assist in the recovery process due to their ability to differentiate into neural cells. Successful implementation of this intervention in a clinical setting would increase the rate of recovery following traumatic brain injury.
:
Review Various strategies have been attempted to differentiate ADMSCs into neural cells for clinical use. Such methods have not been entirely successful in the development of functioning specialized cells for subsequent practical use. Therefore, the implementations of this differentiation technique in clinical trial have not been effective. In this article, the potential of differentiating ADMSCs into neural cells and the various methods employed including biological induction, chemical induction and photobiomodulation (PBM) will be discussed, where the combination of using transducers and PBM for neural differentiation of ADMSCs was also deliberated.
Conclusion:
PBM shows promise as an avenue for effective ADMSCs differentiation into neural cells and their proliferation. Applying PBM with optimized biological factors and chemical inducers may prove to be an effective tool for clinical application.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used as a bio stimulatory tool for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). The goal of this in vitro research was to examine the effects of combined and/or single applications of near infra-red (NIR) and green PBM using 5 J/cm2 on ADMSCs. The results indicated that the viability of ADMSCs are not affected by single or combined wavelengths of 525 and 825 nm at 5 J/cm2. However, PBM significantly stimulated cell metabolism seen by an increase in proliferation, it also upregulated intracellular ROS and MMP using 825 nm and 525 nm wavelengths. The combined wavelength irradiation mimicked results found for 825 nm during ATP measurement, cell concentration and migration rate, however significant MMP stimulation and increased ROS production was achieved. In conclusion, results indicate that the combination wavelengths of 525 and 825 nm can be used in the expansion and differentiation of ADMSCs for regenerative purposes.
Neuronal cells can be generated from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) through biological or chemical inducers. Research has shown that this process may be optimized by the introduction of laser irradiation in the form of photobiomodulation (PBM) to cells. This in vitro study is aimed at generating neuronal-like cells with inducers, chemical or biological, and at furthermore treating these transdifferentiating cells with consecutive PBM of a 525 nm green (G) laser and 825 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser light with a fluence of 10 J/cm2. Cells were exposed to induction type 1 (IT1): 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) (0.5 mM)+indomethacin (200 μM)+insulin (5 μg/ml) for 14 days, preinduced with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) (1 mM) for two days, and then incubated with IT2: β-hydroxyanisole (BHA) (100 μM)+retinoic acid (RA) (10-6 M)+epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 ng/ml)+basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (10 ng/ml) for 14 days and preinduced with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) (1 mM) for two days and then incubated with indomethacin (200 μM)+RA (1 μM)+forskolin (10 μM) for 14 days. The results were evaluated through morphological observations, viability, proliferation, and migration studies, 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days post-PBM. The protein detection of an early neuronal marker, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and late, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The genetic expression was also explored through real-time PCR. Results indicated differentiation in all experimental groups; however, cells that were preinduced showed higher proliferation and a higher differentiation rate than the group that was not preinduced. Within the preinduced groups, results indicated that cells treated with IT2 and consecutive PBM upregulated differentiation the most morphologically and physiologically.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.