Metastatic breast cancers are immunologically more inert than the corresponding primary tumors but some immune-oncology targets and macrophage and angiogenesis signatures show preserved expression and suggest therapeutic combinations for clinical testing.

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Forty years of cancer registry data document a tremendous increase in incidence and a slight increase in mortality for breast cancer among women in Shanghai. Effective, appropriate, and affordable breast cancer prevention and control strategies are urgently needed in China.

To help understand the chemical properties of marine aerosols and the long‐distance transport of continental aerosols to remote oceanic regions, total suspended particulates (TSP) samples were collected over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean during two cruises in September–December 2007 (cruise I) and March–April 2008 (cruise II) aboard the M/V Oceanic II. Data were analyzed and interpreted with the aid of back trajectory, principal component, and multiple linear regression analyses. Compared with the results over the South Pacific from 2 decades ago, the non‐sea‐salt sulfate (NSS‐SO42−) concentrations over the South Pacific have increased by a factor of ∼1.5, while the NO3− concentration has remained constant. On average, NSS‐SO42− accounted for 30–52% of the total SO42− during the two cruises. Chloride deficit was observed in all samples, with NSS‐SO42− being the preferred species for acid displacement over the South Pacific and the Mediterranean Sea. Persistent clean marine air masses were only observed over the northern Atlantic and South Pacific during cruise I, while more frequent impacts of continental air (dust, biomass burning, and industrial plumes) were observed during cruise II. Combined with the NAAPS aerosol maps, these results indicate that during cruise II, (1) southern Atlantic was influenced by Southern Africa and the interhemisphere transport of biomass burning plumes in Central Africa, (2) northern Atlantic was under the combined pollution plumes of Sahara dust intrusion and biomass burning, and (3) the Mediterranean Sea was affected by the mixed pollution from biomass burning and industrial contamination, as well as Saharan dust.

Background Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome have a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blacks and Hispanics have a high morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in the general population. Since metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, understanding any racial and ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome amongst women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is important for prevention strategies. However, data regarding racial/ethnic differences in metabolic phenotype amongst women with polycystic ovary syndrome is inconsistent. Objective To determine if there are racial/ethnic differences in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study Design Secondary data analysis of a prospective multicenter, double blind controlled clinical trial, the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II study, conducted in 11 academic health centers. Data on 702 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome aged 18-40 years who met modified Rotterdam criteria for the syndrome and wished to conceive were included in the study. Women were grouped into racial/ethnic categories Non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic. The main outcomes were the prevalence of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hyperandrogenemia in the different racial/ethnic groups. Results BMI (35.1 ± 9.8 vs. 35.7 ± 7.9 vs. 36.4 ± 7.9 kg/m2) and waist circumference (106.5 ± 21.6 vs. 104.9 ± 16.4 vs. 108.7 ± 7.3 cm) did not differ significantly between non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women. Hispanic women with PCOS had a significantly higher prevalence of hirsutism (93.8 vs. 86.8%), abnormal free androgen index (FAI) (75.8 vs. 56.5%), abnormal homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (52.3 vs. 38.4%) and hyperglycemia (14.8 vs. 6.5%), as well as lower sex hormone binding globulin compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Non-Hispanic Black women had a significantly lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (24.5 vs. 42.2%) compared with Hispanic women, and lower serum triglyceride levels compared to both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites (85.7 ± 37.3 vs. 130.2 ± 57.0 vs. 120.1 ± 60.5 vs. mg/dL, p<0.01), with a markedly lower prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (5.1 vs. 28.3 vs. 30.5%, p<0.01) compared to the other two groups. Comment Hispanic women with PCOS have the most severe phenotype, both in terms of hyperandrogenism and metabolic criteria. Non-Hispanic Black women have an overall milder polycystic ovarian syndrome phenotype than Hispanics and in some respects, than Non-Hispanic White women.

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