Metastatic breast cancers are immunologically more inert than the corresponding primary tumors but some immune-oncology targets and macrophage and angiogenesis signatures show preserved expression and suggest therapeutic combinations for clinical testing.

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Serrated plastic flows or propagating Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) bands in uniaxial tensile aluminum alloy sheet samples were analyzed by a 3D finite element model. A local dynamic strain aging viscoplasticity model motivated by dislocation dynamics was implemented in an ABAQUS user material subroutine. When the sheet metal was assumed to be spatially homogeneous, individual plastic deformation bands inclined about 50° with regard to the axial tensile loading were predicted by the model to propagate along the thin sheet sample, similar to the experimentally observed behavior of the solid solution strengthened alloy AA5182-0. When the sheet metal was assumed to be inhomogeneous by making a few material elements slightly harder or softer, the model predicted a propagating single neck formed by double shear bands, similar to the behavior of the precipitation strengthened alloy AA6111-T4.

Using a newly developed plastic strain measurement technique based on digital image correlation, surface plastic deformation of polycrystalline aluminum alloys in a thin sheet form has been experimentally characterized at a length scale comparable to that of the thickness of the aluminum sheets but much larger than the average size of individual grains. Both static and dynamic local straining patterns in these aluminum alloys have been observed and these strain patterns can not be simulated using the conventional plasticity models. The texture clustering of grains may contribute to the static local plastic strain patterns detected in an Al-Mg alloy. Two distinctive dynamic straining behaviors resulted from the dynamic strain aging of dislocations due to the alloying elements have been experimentally established for 5XXX and 6XXX alloys, respectively. First observation of dynamic strain inhomogeneity is also made in a sheet metal specimen deforming predominately in a plane strain state.

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