Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphaema Syndrome (UGH syndrome, or "Ellingson" Syndrome) is a rare condition caused by the mechanical trauma of an intraocular lens malpositioned over adjacent structures (iris, ciliary body, iridocorneal angle), leading to a spectrum of iris transillumination defects, microhyphaemas and pigmentary dispersion, concomitant with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). UGH Syndrome can also be characterized by chronic inflammation, secondary iris neovascularization, cystoid macular edema (CME). The fundamental step in the pathogenesis of UGH syndrome appears to arise from repetitive mechanical iris trauma by a malpositioned or subluxed IOL. These patients have uncomplicated cataract implants and return for episodes of blurry vision weeks to months after surgery. This may be accompanied by pain, photophobia, erythropsia, anterior uveitis, hyphaema along with raised intraocular pressure. A careful history and examination, as well as appropriate investigations can confirm the diagnostic. Treatment options are IOL Explantation exchange, topical and systemic medication, and cyclophotocoagulation, the placement of a Capsular Tension Ring to redistribute zonular tension and Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) Therapy.

Uveal melanoma is a rare condition accounting for only 5% of all primary melanoma cases. Still, it is the most frequently diagnosed primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Almost 90% of the tumors involve the choroid and only a small percentage affects the ciliary body or the iris. There is a consistent difference in incidence between different regions with individuals of northern European descent having a significantly higher risk as compared to Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks. Among the many risk factors, mutations in the G protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ) or G protein subunit alpha 11 (GNA11) genes and different receptors are highly suggestive. While iris melanoma can easily be noticed by the patient itself or diagnosed at a routine slit-lamp evaluation, a consistent percentage of posterior uveal tumors are incidentally diagnosed at funduscopic evaluation as they can evolve silently for years, especially if located in the periphery. Uveal melanoma classifications rely on the tumor size (thickness and basal diameter) and also on intraocular and extraocular extension. The differential diagnosis with pseudomelanomas is carried out according to the tumor aspect and position. Iris melanoma has a better prognosis and a lower mortality rate as compared to choroidal melanoma that has a much higher rate of metastasis (50% of the patients) and a subsequent limited life expectancy from 6 to 12 months. While conservative therapeutic options for the primary tumor, relying on different surgical excision techniques and/or irradiation therapies, offer good local tumor control, the treatment options for metastatic disease, although numerous, are still inadequate in preventing a fatal outcome.

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a particular form of mucous membrane pemphigoid and it is characterized by a chronic bilateral conjunctivitis with relapsing-remitting periods. Without therapy 75% of the cases develop visual loss due to major ocular complications (e.g. severe dry-eye syndrome, corneal erosions, corneal keratinization, entropion, symblepharon). Pathogenesis remains uncertain and probably linked to an autoimmune type II hypersensitivity response in patients with a genetic predisposition and exposure to different environmental triggers. With a worldwide distribution, no racial predilection and an estimated incidence that largely varies from 1/10,000-1/60,000, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid predominantly affects women aged ~60 years. Conjunctival biopsy with direct immunofluorescence is the gold standard in diagnosis confirmation, but up to 40% of the patients have a negative biopsy result that does not rule out the diagnosis. The skin and many other mucous membranes (e.g. oral, trachea, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, urethra, vagina and anus) may be involved. The disease grading relies on Foster staging system (based on clinical signs) and Mondino and Brown system (based on the inferior fornix depth loss). The differential diagnosis includes atopy, allergies, trauma, chemical burns, radiation, neoplasia, infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune etiologies. The main goals of the treatment are to stop disease progression, to relieve symptoms and to prevent complications. With long-term systemic therapy 90% of the cases can be efficiently controlled. While Dapsone is the first-line treatment in mild to moderate disease in patients without G6PD deficiency, more severe cases require immunosuppressant therapy with azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate or cyclosporine. Cyclophosphamide, biologics (etanercept or rituximab) and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are usually reserved for recalcitrant disease and unsatisfactory results to conventional therapy. Dry eye syndrome requires constant lubricating medication and topical steroids, cyclosporine-A and tacrolimus. Surgery should be planed only in quiescent phase as minor conjunctival trauma can significantly worsen the disease.

Psoriasis is one of the most common immunemediated chronic inflammatory skin disorders, involving hyperproliferative keratinocytes and infiltration of T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Multiple factors appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. These environmental (e.g., infectious agents and trauma), genetic, and immunologic factors are reviewed in this article. Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis remains to be established, data suggesting immune cell dysregulation in the skin are available. The involvement of the immune system, particularly T cells, in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis is discussed in this review, indicating a potential justification for innovative treatment intervention. Besides describing pathogenic T cells, the aim of the review was to assess the function of newly identified antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, and tissue resident memory cells (TRMs), and their role in psoriasis. Furthermore, new insights were presented regarding TRMs, a recently identified subset of memory T cells, and the role they play in the local memory of disease, making them a potential new therapeutic target in psoriasis. Finally, current developments in T-cell research and cytokine-targeted therapy for psoriasis treatment are reviewed. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research methods 3. Epidemiology 4. Etiology 5. Pathogenesis 6. Conclusions

Corneal ulcerations are a medical emergency, and in recalcitrant cases, leading to perforation, a surgical ophthalmological emergency. The urgency of the treatment is dictated by the necessity of preventing complications that can lead to serious ocular morbidities. Medical treatment represents the first therapeutic approach and is a defining step in the further management of a patient with corneal ulceration. Multiple surgical strategies are available, but the option depends on the etiology and parameters of the ulceration: size, depth, and location.