Antibiotic resistance in bacterial species is opening new avenues to search for alternative modes of antimicrobial treatment, medicinal plant extracts being one among them. The aim of this study was to access the possibility of medicinal plant extract from Shih in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations for oral hygiene specifically for the prevention and treatment of dental caries due to . Antimicrobial effects of crude organic extract of Shih on isolated from the saliva were examined by taking with culture media only (-ve control); treated with the antibiotic gentamicin (+ve control) and treated with Shih. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were Determination by Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric assay Time-kill dynamic assay was performed using broth microdilution method. The metabolic reason behind the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were studied by measuring the glucose utilization by the microbes, pH as a measure of acid production, nucleic acids quantitation to check the DNA status and inhibition of water-insoluble glucan synthesis were undertaken. Shih MIC for was at 2.5 mg/ml and MBC was 4 mg/ml. bacterial population started reclining within 60 min of incubation with Shih at MBC. Utilization of added glucose was very high at MIC due to bacteria overcoming the stress, whereas at MBC its utilization was less. Accordingly pH also became acidic to 2.9 with MIC and 4.03 with MBC. There was a great degree of inhibition in the formation of nucleic acids indicating this crude extract interferes with DNA replication. Inhibition of glucan synthesis was to the tune of 45% as compared to control. Thus we conclude that Shih has potentially effective antibacterial activity hence it can be proposed as a potentially effective antiplaque and anticariogenic agent in the form of mouth wash or gum paint. However, the cytotoxicity of the extract needs to be evaluated in in-vitro and in-vivo conditions before it is considered as a safe antiplaque and anticariogenic agent.
We systematically evaluated 5 methods for testing daptomycin versus 48 Enterococcus faecalis, 51 Enterococcus faecium, and 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates using (i and ii) broth microdilution (BMD) with 50-mg/liter calcium medium supplementation (reference method) and 30-mg/liter calcium medium supplementation (BMD30 method), (iii) Etest, and (iv and v) MicroScan panel 33 using 2 methods to prepare the bacterial inoculum (MicroScan turbidity and MicroScan Prompt). Isolates were categorized as susceptible (S) or nonsusceptible (NS) based on measured MICs. Essential (؎1 dilution) agreement (EA) and categorical (S/NS) agreement (CA) for each method were compared to the reference method. For E. faecium, categorical agreement was poor between the reference method and BMD30 as well as with the three commercial methods, with frequent false-NS results (30 for BMD30, 18 for Etest, 22 for MicroScan Prompt, and 25 for MicroScan turbidity). All E. faecalis isolates were judged to be S by the reference method; two of these isolates were categorized as NS using the BMD30 method, and one was categorized as NS by all three commercial methods. All S. aureus isolates were judged to be S using all five methods. MIC values determined by the comparator methods tended to be higher than those for the reference method, especially for E. faecium isolates. EAs between the reference BMD and BMD30, Etest, MicroScan Prompt, and MicroScan turbidity were 63%, 63%, 63%, and 56%, respectively, for E. faecium, 87%, 83%, 98%, and 80%, respectively, for E. faecalis, and all 100% for S. aureus. Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide with activity against Grampositive organisms. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration initially in 2003 for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis, and some streptococcal species. Subsequently, in 2006, it was approved for the treatment of S. aureus bacteremia and right-sided endocarditis. It is one of the few antibiotics that exhibits in vitro bactericidal activity against enterococci (1).An evaluation of daptomycin activity trends against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) during a 6-year period (2005 to 2010) in 32 U.S. medical centers showed that daptomycin exhibited sustained activity against an extensive collection of clinical isolates of MRSA and VRE from numerous U.S. medical centers over the last 6 monitored years (2). However, daptomycin-nonsusceptible (NS) enterococcal isolates have been reported and multiple mechanisms of resistance have been described (3-7).Currently, daptomycin is frequently used to treat infections caused by MRSA and VRE. In 2009, the clinical microbiology laboratory at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RWJUH) (New Brunswick, NJ) began routinely testing Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci for daptomycin susceptibility using the MicroScan Pos Combo panel type 33 (PC33) MIC plate (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, ...
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