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We present the first observation of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in a free-electron laser (FEL) in the vacuum ultraviolet regime at 109 nm wavelength (11 eV). The observed free-electron laser gain (approximately 3000) and the radiation characteristics, such as dependency on bunch charge, angular distribution, spectral width, and intensity fluctuations, are all consistent with the present models for SASE FELs.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of repatriate support practices in organizations within the context of the current literature in this field of study.Design/methodology/approachA total of 42 firms employing 3,234 expatriates were surveyed regarding human resource practices that support repatriation. Analysis focused on support practices as predictors of voluntary and involuntary turnover.FindingsResults indicate that the majority of firms surveyed used two or fewer repatriate support practices. While 60 percent of firms offered logistical assistance, such as relocation services, less than 70 percent offered career and training support for repatriates. The most common cause of involuntary turnover is the lack of job openings in the home organization upon reentry, while the most common cause of voluntary turnover is the organization's poor utilization of the expatriate's skills acquired on the overseas assignment. Organizations with more support practices reported a lower average repatriate turnover compared to organizations with fewer support practices.Practical implicationsWhile previous literature suggests that repatriate support practices are critical, this research finds that few organizations are providing sufficient support to mitigate turnover.Originality/valueIn contrast to much of the research on repatriation that relies on individual perceptions, this paper utilizes organization level survey data provided by 42 firms that document their repatriate support practices.

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We report how ultrathin MgO films on Ag(001) surfaces can be used to control the emittance properties of photocathodes. In addition to substantially reducing the work function of the metal surface, the MgO layers also favorably influence the shape of the surface bands resulting in the generation of high-brightness electron beams. As the number of MgO surface layers varies from 0 to 3, the emitted electron beam becomes gradually brighter, reducing its transverse emittance to 0.06 mm mrad. We suggest the use of such photocathodes for the development of free-electron x-ray lasers and energy-recovery linac x-ray sources.