The industrial environmental control includes monitoring of specific air contaminants typical of a particular industry. Determination of the pollutant levels at the border of the sanitary protection zone consists of the preliminary sampling and subsequent analysis in a specialized laboratory. The article discusses various methods of sampling for a group of volatile organic compounds (using sample bags) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (using a sorption tube and a filter to collect solid particles), depending on their physicochemical properties and the characteristics of distribution.
The air pollution has got a great risk to the health of the population. In the risk assessment, objective and subjective uncertainties have appeared. The aim of the study to analyze the uncertainties arising in the assessment of health adverse effects of air pollution and possible ways to decrease them. Methods of the scientific hypothetical deductive cognition, general logical methods, and approaches of researches: analysis, synthesis, abstracting, generalization, induction. In this paper, we analyzed the uncertainties arising in the risk assessment for the health of population caused by air pollution and proposed measures to improve the approaches to assessment and management of the risk. The analysis revealed the main causes of the uncertainties. In the field of the atmospheric air monitoring, they are lack of modern equipment and officially approved methods for measurement, the absence of criteria and recommendation for choosing of controlled air pollutants. For the health assessment, it is advisable to use epidemiological methods and methodology of risk analysis taking into account the uncertainties of each approach. Usage of the geographic information systems let increase the informativity of data and efficiency of analysis. Accurate quantification of the risk for the health of population caused by air pollution is a difficult to challenge. It is necessary to take into account the experience of developed countries in the development of domestic criteria for the selection of substances for the control of atmospheric air quality. It is advisable to combine the analysis of data on the actual concentrations of pollutants obtained at stationary and mobile observation posts, and integrated calculations of air pollution. It is necessary to use basic concepts of evidence-based medicine to identify the real impact of air pollutants on public health and reduce uncertainties. Conclusion. In the assessment of risk for health caused by air pollution a lot of objective and subjective uncertainties appear. Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, they should be comprehensively analyzed and minimized using modern methodological approaches, taking into account their capabilities and limitations.
The planning structure of modern cities is complex. It includes diverse functional areas. At the same time, the increase of population in cities leads to the building density growth, but this process has its limits. Consequently, the adoption of new urban planning decisions on the functional zoning should be based on the objective assessment of the quality of the environment. In this regard, an important role belongs to the development of ecological monitoring systems, which should provide the most reliable information about the negative impact on the environment. The article describes different functional zones of cities, their properties and requirements for their environmental quality control.
The question related to use of atmosphere pollution model calculations at the choice of transport infrastructure improvement scenarios is considered, the algorithm and examples of atmosphere pollution calculations and noise cards creation are given.
Assessment of air quality is an integral part of the strategy to improve the quality of life and health of the population. According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter are subject to monitoring. Of particular interest are nitrogen oxides and ozone, which are characterized by an inverse correlation. The study is aimed at establishing the degree of this relationship according to the data of an automated monitoring system and assessing the level of air pollution in St. Petersburg, Russia. In addition, it is necessary to control the content of various specific compounds, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This is because public health impacts include exposure to both the VOCs themselves and secondary air pollutants resulting from chemical reactions between VOCs and other components. Thus, these substances are constantly monitored at observation stations in St. Petersburg. VOC monitoring provides for qualitative and quantitative analysis on measuring equipment with preliminary sampling and their preparation. Sampling uses various methods and devices. Based on the results of the theoretical and experimental studies, the authors propose the use of sampling devices, which differ from analogues in their design, metrological and operational characteristics.
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