The thyroid gland, a highly vascular endocrine gland, is composed of two lateral lobes connected by a narrow median isthmus thus giving an 'H' shaped appearance to the gland. A wide range of morphological variations and developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland have been reported in the literature. In our study, on the morphometric features of the thyroid gland it was found that, 6 out of 41 thyroid glands that were dissected, showed an absence of the isthmus. The respective lateral lobes were positioned independently on either side of the trachea. The incidence of agenesis of isthmus, along with the developmental and clinical significance are discussed herein under.
Introduction: The knowledge of renal vascular anatomy and its variations are very much essential in case of renal transplantation, renal surgeries, uroradiology, gonadal color doppler imaging, in surgeries of aneurysm of abdominal aorta, in gonadal surgeries.
To the Editor, Anatomical Sciences Education: We read the recent Anatomical Sciences Education articles by Harmon et al. (2021) and Attardi et al. (2022) with great interest. These studies rendered a clear picture of the paradigm shifts in anatomy teaching before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The authors found that there was a significant decrease in face-to-face interactions and cadaver-based instructions because compulsory lockdowns have necessitated virtual classes to maintain student safety
With the flourishing of innovation in drug discovery into a new era of personalized therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of various ailments lies at the forefront. Major improvements in genetic sequencing and biomedical techniques as well as research into mAbs emphasize on determining new targets for advanced therapy while maximizing efficacy for clinical application. However, a balance has to be achieved concerning developing a target with low toxicity combined with high specificity and versatility, to allow a specific antibody to facilitate several biotic effects, ranging from neutralization of virus mechanisms to modulation of immune response and maintaining low global economic cost. Presently, there are approximately 30 mAbs' permitted for therapeutic use with many more being tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the heavy cost of mAbs' production, stowage and management as well as the subsequent hindrances to their development are outweighed by mAbs' clinical advantages. Compared to conventional drugs, since mAbs use as pharmacologic iotas have specific physical features and modes of action, they should be considered as a discrete therapeutic category. In this review, the history of mAb generation and the innovative technological applications of mAbs that has advanced in clinical practices is reviewed.
The respiratory diaphragm is a barrier between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is a chief skeletal muscle of respiration that plays a critical role in the process of inspiration. The defective diaphragm may be clinically present with or without obvious symptoms. Depending on the severity of its defects, it can lead to mild to severe fatal consequences. Protrusion of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity through the weakened or defective part of the diaphragm is known as a diaphragmatic hernia. Such herniations will exist either in the form of congenital birth defects or acquired defects in the diaphragm. An acquired hernia may be due to spontaneous or iatrogenic causative factors. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) can occur due to the disruption of various cellular mechanisms involved in organogenesis during the gestation period. Such herniations may exist with or without content protrusions into the cavity of the thorax, later referred to as Eventration of the Diaphragm (ED). In the Department of Anatomy at JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India, a rare case of diaphragmatic eventration was noticed in a male cadaver aged about 70 years, during the routine dissection class of preclinical medical students. In this rare case report, diaphragmatic eventration along with various factors involved in its presentation would be considered holistically
Hyperostosis is a slow-growing benign bone tumour often seen in the bones of the cranial vault, more commonly found in elderly females. It is an incidental finding noted during radiological examination. The clinical manifestation of such tumour depends on its location inside the cranial cavity: the proximity to the paranasal sinuses, brain tissue, nerves, or blood vessels, etc. Its clinical findings may range from mild obstruction of the paranasal sinuses or blood vessels to severe compression of the surrounding cranial nerves. Here a rare case of hyperostosis of the frontal and temporal bones found during a routine cadaveric dissection in the Department of Anatomy is presented. Causes of the formation of such unusually enlarged bone masses inside the cranial cavity and their clinical presentation are discussed.
Background: Contrary to the classic anatomical description, many recent studies have reported wide variations in branching patterns and location of motor branches that are supplying the pronator teres muscle. To understand these variations and their implications in surgical procedures of the nerve transfers, a systematic review was performed on the innervation of pronator teres muscle from cadaveric studies.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in databases such as Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, ScienceDirect, Cochrane reviews and orthopedics textbooks using the search terms “pronator teres nerve branches”; AND “number” OR “location” OR “length” OR “diameter” yielded 545 article links. Articles were evaluated according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of twenty cadaveric studies including 648 branches have registered 52.9% of two branch innervation pattern followed by 31.3%-single branch pattern; 13.5%-three branch pattern; 1.7%-four branch pattern, and 0.4%-five branch patterns, respectively. Of the 403 branches studied for their location in relation with the humeral intercondylar line, most branches were located distal to the line (50.3%), followed by 32.7% (proximal to it) and 16.8% at the line, respectively. The distance of branches located proximal and distal to humeral intercondylar line was in the range of 1.25–10 cm, and 1.1–7.5 cm, respectively. The mean length and diameter of nerves reported were 4.37 ± 2.43 cm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. Conclusions: Our data defined the morphometrics of nerve branches and they often met the required diameter for neurotization procedures. Our findings also demonstrated that the morphometrics, branching pattern and their location vary between populations and this information is very vital for surgeons during the nerve transfers.
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