The article presents data on structural and functional changes of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube in the dynamics of two-, four-and six-week exposure to nalbuphine. The material of the study were sexually mature rats-females of the line "Wistar" in the amount of 26 animals weighing 180-220 g, aged 3.5-4 months. Animals were injected with nalbuphine intramuscularly, daily, once a day, at the one-time interval. Histological preparations were prepared according to the conventional method. The animals were kept in a vivarium, the work was carried out following the "Rules of work using experimental animals". Before sampling, the animals were primed with an intraperitoneal injection of thiopental (at a rate of 25 mg/kg), then an anterior abdominal wall was opened, followed by removal of the fallopian tube. During the experimental research, changes in the structure of the mucous membrane of the fallopian tube were established. The first signs were found within 2 weeks of the experimental effect of nalbuphine: swelling of the mucous membrane of the fallopian tube, slight smoothing of the folds and local desquamation of the epithelium, moderate infiltration of lymphocytes of the mucous membrane. Vascular microcirculatory vessels of the mucous membrane are slightly expanded. After 4 weeks of the experiment, degenerative and inflammatory changes in the uterine tube wall and manifested by swelling and polymorphocellular infiltration of the membranes of the wall of the test organ wall, an increase in the number of altered epitheliocytes, vessels are hyperemic, overflowing with aggregated erythrocytes, sometimes containing neutrophilic granulocytes and lymphocytes. After 6 weeks of administration of nalbuphine, destructive changes in the cells of the mucous membrane of the fallopian tube and the links of its hemomicrocirculatory bed accrue, manifested by desquamation of the epithelium of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucous membrane by lymphocytes, there is an expansion of the lumen of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed and filling the lumen of the blood plasma, there are lashes of different heights, the characteristic grouping of them into conglomerates.
Introduction. In the modern world, the problem of drug use, especially among the youth, is considered to be of utmost importance. Female body’s susceptibility to the development of drug addiction is considerably higher than that of the male body. The study of blood supply of the uterine tube is relevant since the morphological rebuilding of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube, considering its functions, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases of the female reproductive system. Under the effect of pathological factors, including opioids, vessels became the main target, and their structural changes are the basis for the development of the pathological process and determine the peculiarities of clinical symptoms. Methods. The study was carried out on 34 sexually mature white female rats (4,5-6,0 months) with the bodyweight of 180-220 g. Angioarchitectonics of the uterine tube of female white rats was studied in double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies with distribution into a control group (intact rats that were accepted as a relative norm, n=10), a placebo-controlled group (n=9) that received 0.9% saline for the duration of the experiment, and 3 experimental groups (n=5 each) that were subjected to long-term opioid effect. Results. After 2 weeks of Nalbuphine administration for female white laboratory rat, the minor expansion of arterioles and capillaries was observed, their diameter increased. Arteriolovenular coefficient augmented. After 4 weeks of Nalbuphine administration, arterioles were convoluted, loss of clear outlines, expansion of lumen, irregularity of vessels caliber, microvessels with microaneurysms, areas with hemorrhage and obliteration of capillaries were detected. After six-week administration of nalbuphine, the hemomicrocirculatory blood flow of the uterine tube wall was at the stage of decompensation, the capillary component was almost destroyed, arterioles were abruptly twisted and distorted, their lumen was uneven, venules were expanded and distorted, additional arteriolovenular anastomoses were opened, indices of trophic activity of the tissue increased considerably. Conclusions. The vasotropic effect after six-week administration of nalbuphine demonstrated severe damage to the uterine tube hemomicrocirculatory blood flow.
The world literature has accumulated a considerable amount of data to characterize the main components of the female genital system, functional relationships between them, as well as the links between this system and other systems of the organism. The relevance of the study is also due to the fact that in the structure of female infertility 6070% is occupied by a tubo-peritoneal factor. The problems associated with this pathology have been studied for more than half a century. Until now, information about the microanatomy of the fallopian tube of a human and, especially, of the female white laboratory rat is contradictory. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the structural organization of the uterine tube of a human and female laboratory white rat. The article and analyzes the data of research conducted on 10 sexually mature white rats in females of reproductive age. The method of preparation was used, for the study of macroanatomy of the uterine tube of females, and also standard histological methods (cuts of the wall of the fallopian tube in the thickness of 5-7 microns, stained with hematoxylin and eosin). The external structure of the fallopian tube of the female rat and man has some differences. Unlike humans, the fallopian tube of a white laboratory rat has the appearance of a thin and short tubule, spirally twisted into a compact lump. In the fallopian tube of the female white rat, it is advisable to distinguish 2 parts: the funnel and the fallopian part. The uterine part connects to the uterine horn cavity of the uterine opening of the fallopian tube, and the fallopian tube opens into the cavity of the peritoneum to the surface of the ovary by the abdominal opening of the fallopian tube. Around the funnel of the fallopian tube, its mucous membrane is gathered in folds - the fringe of the fallopian tube and the ovarian fringe (in humans - one ovarian fringe), which are attached to the ovary. The diameter of the fallopian tube of the female white rat decreases in the direction from the funnel to the uterine part. In particular, in the area of the funnel, the diameter of the fallopian tube is 0.90±0.10 mm, and the diameter of the fallopian part is 0.70±0.09 mm. The uterine tube of a laboratory white rat, like a human, has a mesentery of the fallopian tube. Both in human and in female white rat, the wall of the fallopian tube consists of three layers: the inner lining is mucous, the middle lining is muscular, the outer lining is serous. It was established that the female uterine tube of a white rat in its macroscopic structure differs from the uterine tube of a person. The microscopic structure of human and the white rat female uterine tube is rather similar and, therefore, may serve as an object of the experimental modeling of certain pathological conditions of the reproductive system.
The use of opioids is an effective method of treatment for severe and acute pain; however, when they used inappropriately, in addition to their powerful pain-relieving properties, opioids cause significant side effects. The initial changes in the human body caused by the use of narcotic substances (opiates) are detected in the oral cavity, in particular, in the salivary glands. The earliest manifestations of pathological changes in the oral cavity are caries, stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis and xerostomia. Based on the results of our research and the study of the effect of opioids on other organs, we can conclude that long-term use of opioids has a significant negative effect on the structure of the submandibular gland and homeostasis of the oral cavity as a whole. The presence of a number of unsolved questions regarding the problems of structural reconstruction of the salivary glands during the use of narcotic agents, as well as the possibility of selecting the most effective methods of treatment and prevention of salivary gland diseases determined the choice of this research topic. Materials and methods. The research was performed on 15 mature, white, male rats with body weight 200–220 g, aged 4.5–6 months, which were kept under standard conditions at the vivarium of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University. Animals were divided into two groups: experimental and control. In the experimental group, animals (10 rats) were daily administered an opioid analgesic (nalbuphine) intramuscularly according to the following schedule: 1st week – 8 mg/kg, 2nd week – 15 mg/kg, 3rd week – 20 mg/kg, 4th week – 25 mg/kg, V week – 30 mg/kg. Controls were 5 rats that were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution in a volume of 1 ml for 5 weeks. We used the histological method to conduct the research. Results. Damage to the organs of the oral cavity and the submandibular gland, in particular, is an element of comorbid pathology caused by long-term use of opioids. During the 5-week administration of the opioid, we observed irreversible destructive changes in the structural organization of the submandibular gland, which was characterized by the dilation of the vessels of the microcirculation, dystrophic and necrotic changes of the final serous and mucous secretory acini, necrosis of serocytes. Such pathological processes in the structural organization of the submandibular gland can cause an imbalance in the quantitative and qualitative composition of saliva and, as a result, a violation of the homeostasis of the oral cavity and the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusions. The results of the research demonstrate the negative impact of long-term opioid exposure on the structural organization of the submandibular gland and are similar to changes in other organs and body systems during long-term opioid exposure. The damage to microcirculation vessels is the starting and primary mechanisms in this process with the subsequent increase of irreversible destructive changes of the submandibular gland. The data of the scientific work have a wide practical and theoretical significance for morphologists, pathomorphologists and dentists in the aspect of developing new methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of salivary gland pathology in patients with opiomania and make it possible to establish safe terms of use of «nalbuphine».
The aim is to investigate changes in the microbiota of dental biofilm at the end of the eighth, tenth and twelfth weeks of experimental opioid exposure. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 36 white outbred adult male rats, which were injected with the opioid analgesic nalbuphine in increasing doses (0,212 – 0,3 mg / kg) during 8, 10 and 12 weeks. Qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiota of dental biofilm was studied using statistical analysis. Results: After eight weeks of opioid exposure, changes in microbiocenosis of dental biofilm of rats were caused by a significant increase in saprophytic and opportunistic microbiota and an appearance of pathogenic species of indicator microbiota with potential periodontopathogenic action. At the end of the tenth week, a significant increase in the quantitative indicators of certain species of opportunistic microbiota and increase in the quantitative composition of pathogenic bacteria were determined. After twelve week of opioid exposure, a significant increase in the quantitative indicators of pathogenic microbiota of dental biofilm was detected. Conclusions: Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiocenosis of the dental biofilm at the end of 8, 10 and 12 weeks of opioid exposure were established, they were manifested by a significant increase in the quantitative indicators of certain species of opportunistic microorganisms and a significant increase in pathogenic microbiota in the dynamics, which led to the progression of dysbiotic changes and purulent-inflammatory process in the oral cavity of rats.
The toxic effects of opioids on the female reproductive system are important for theoretical and practical medicine, because excessive use of narcotic drugs causes pathological changes in organs and tissues and can predict the negative effects of "nalbuphine" on the female genitals. The excessive use of narcotic drugs, the prevalence of drug addiction, the use of opioids by modern medicine for therapeutic purposes, creates the need to carefully study the effects of opioids on the body of women, primarily the organs of the reproductive system, because despite the successes achieved in diagnosis and treatment, female infertility is an urgent problem. Aim of the research: to establish and describe the features of the structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of a female laboratory rat in normal and under conditions of prolonged exposure to «nalbuphine» according to the results of scanning electron microscopy. Materials and methods. The material of the research was the mucous membrane of the uterine tubes of 20 mature white female rats, aged 4.5–6.0 months with body weight 180–220, which were kept in standard conditions at the vivarium of the Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University. The structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tubes was normally studied in 5 animals. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. The first group of experimental animals (10 rats) was administered «nalbuphine» intramuscularly once daily, in one period of time for 6 weeks. The second group - control animals - 5 white female rats, which were injected with saline. The method of scanning electron microscopy of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of the rat was used in the research. Results. Lesions of the reproductive system damage is an integral part of clinic both opiate addiction and intoxication of pharmaceutical remedies in particular the group of opioids. The connection between duration of «nalbuphine» administration and depth of changes of structural organization of mucous membrane of the uterine tube was established in the experiment. The obtained data show that the six-week administration of «nalbuphine» causes destructive changes in the mucous membrane of the uterine tube wall similar to long-term inflammatory processes, in particular, an increase in the lumen of the uterine tube, a decrease or absence of folds in certain areas of the uterine tube, a decrease in the number of microvilli of tubal exocrinocytes, and the occurrence of adenomatous proliferation of the tubal epithelium. The damage that has occurred indicates the ability of the opioid to cause irreversible changes with prolonged use. Conclusions. The connection between duration of «nalbuphine» administration and depth of changes of structural organization of the mucous membrane of the uterine tube was established in the experiment. Prolonged administration of opioids causes irreversible destructive changes in the mucous membrane of the uterine tube of the female rat, which is manifested by the phenomena of disorganization of both endothelial cells. The damage that has occurred proves the ability of opioid in long-term use to cause irreversible changes and structure and function damages on all levels starting with structural. The results of the work can serve as a basis for the further search for optimal methods of correcting changes in the structure of organs caused by the long-term use of opioids.
Проблема наркоманії щороку викликає все більшу стурбованість серед фахівців різних спеціальностей. Зловживання наркотичними засобами провокує не лише фізичну та психічну залежність, але й чинить негативний вплив на фізіологічні параметри організму. Розвиток наркотичної залежності у жінок настає значно швидше, ніж у чоловіків, а значні структурно-морфологічні та функціональні зміни статевих органів ставить гостро питання про репродуктивне здоров'я населення в усьому світі. Значне використання наркотичних середників в клінічній практиці без достатньої кількості експериментальних досліджень зумовило необхідність детального вивчення впливу опіоїдів на структурну організацію органів.Метавстановити та описати ультраструктурні особливості м'язової оболонки шийки матки білого лабораторного щура в нормі та при 2-х, 4-х та 6-ти тижневому впливі налбуфіну.Дослідження виконано на 24-ох статево зрілих білих щурах-самках віком 3,0-3,5 місяці і початковою масою тіла 160-180 г. Для дослідження застосували метод електронної мікроскопії. Зрізи готували на ультрамікротомі УМТП-6М з допомогою алмазного ножа (DIATOM). Переглядали зрізи з допомогою електронного трансмісійного мікроскопа ТЕМ-100. Фотографували з допомогою цифрової камери SONY-H9.Хронічний вплив налбуфіну спричиняє значні ультраструктурні зміни м'язової оболонки шийки матки. Вже на ранніх термінах експерименту (2 тижні) можна відслідкувати порушення, які є наслідками введення опіоїду в організм піддослідної тварини. Кожен наступний етап експерименту виявляв поглиблення змін структури м'язових клітин. Пошкодження, які виникли, свідчать про здатність опіоїду при тривалому застосуванні викликати незворотні зміни, що приводять до порушень структури та функцій на усіх рівнях, починаючи з ультраструктурного.Ключові слова: налбуфін, електронна мікроскопія, шийка матки, м'язова оболонка.Зв'язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами. Дослідження виконано у відповідності до плану наукових досліджень Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького та є частиною планової науководослідної роботи кафедр нормальної анатомії та оперативної хірургії з топографічною анатомією «Структурна організація, ангіоархітектоніка та антропометричні особливості органів у внутрішньота позаутробному розвитку за умов впливу екзота ендопатогенних факторів», № державної реєстрації 0115U000041.Вступ. Проблема наркоманії щороку викликає все більшу стурбованість серед фахівців різних спеціальностей. Зловживання наркотичними засобами провокує не лише фізичну та психічну залежність, але й чинить негативний вплив на фізіологічні параметри організму, наслідки якого можуть зберігатися навіть після припинення вживання наркотиків [1,2,3]. Уже тривалий час опіоїдні анальгетики визнані одними з найефективніших препаратів для знеболення, особливо при купуванні синдрому хронічного болю [4,5]. Управління ООН з наркотиків і злочинності опублікувало текст «Всесвітня доповідь про наркотики 2018», де вказується, що близько 275 мільйонів людей, що становить майже 5,6 % від світового населен...
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