The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that laboratory animals are widely used in experimental morphology. The most widely used ones are rats [1-7]. There are a number of studies in which the authors cover in detail the normal morphological state of various organs of rats and its changes under experimentally simulated pathological conditions [8-12]. The available studies on the rats' musculoskeletal system and spine highlight this topic insufficiently. Aim. We aimed to study the structure of the normal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the rats. Materials and methods of research. The objects of our study were 15 sexually mature outbred male rats, weight 80 g, age 4,5 months. All animals were kept in a vivarium. Keeping, care, labeling, and all other manipulations were carried out in accordance with with 'the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for
Background. Patients with degenerative diseases of the spine - "difficult patients". Often, exhausted by long-term pain, they have a dependence, and sometimes tolerance to various analgesics, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of routinely used in the hospital anesthesia. Objective. The aim of our work was to study the features of pathomorphological manifestations of the structural components of the intervertebral disc at different terms of opioid influence and at the difference at the ultrastructural level in the experiment. Methods. The material of the study were sexually mature, white, nonlinear rats - males in the amount of 90 hundred animals, weighing 92 - 103 g, aged 4.5 months. Animals were injected with Nalbuphine at home, once daily for one day (10-11 am) for 42 days. The initial dose of Nalbuphine was 8 mg / kg during the first week, 15 mg / kg during the second week; 20 mg / kg during the third week; 25 mg / kg during the fourth week; 30 mg / kg during the fifth week and 35 mg / kg during the sixth week of the experimental opioid effect. Thus created the conditions for chronic opioid exposure. Intervertebral discs of rats were used as material for ultrastructural study. Results and conclusion. As a result of our study, we found that at the end of 21 days we found the progression of alternative changes in the cellular elements of the gelatinous nucleus, characterized by the development of necrotic changes in notochondral cells, as well as chondroptosis of chondrocytes. Preserved notochondral cells were rarely visualized. In some places, there were notochondral cells in which the nucleus disintegrated into separate fragments filled with heterochromatin, and the remains of organelle membranes were localized in the enlightened cytoplasm. Pronounced destructive changes were found in chondrocytes. After 28 days, the changes progressed, this was manifested by the fact that in the pulpal nucleus there were extensive cell-free zones filled with a significant amount of granular intensely osmophilic mass. Notochondral cells and most chondrocytes underwent necrotic changes. After 35 days at the ultrastructural level revealed pronounced changes in the structural elements of the gelatinous nucleus and fibrous ring. Extensive cell-free zones were localized in the gelatinous nucleus, with a somewhat compacted matrix in which an intensely osmophilic fine-grained deep mass accumulated. With the abolition of opioid exposure at the end of 56 days, we found pronounced changes in notochondral cells and in the vast majority of chondrocytes. The matrix of the gelatinous nucleus was compacted, it showed thickened collagen fibrils. Most of the cellular elements of the gelatinous nucleus were at different stages of necrosis, and some chondrocytes - chondroptosis. Vacuoles filled with enlightened contents also appeared in the cytoplasm. The nucleus was compacted, condensation of chromatin was observed. In such areas, the fibrils of collagen fibers were loose, stratified, disintegrated and lysed.
Urachus is a tubular formation originating from the top of the urinary bladder and directed to the umbilicus between the peritoneum and the transverse fascia of the abdomen. In an embryo, it serves to divert primary urine to the amniotic fluid. In case, if obliteration of the duct does not occur until the birth, various pathological processes can develop in it. The most common abnomalies of urachus reported in adults are an infected urachal cyst and urachal carcinoma. These diagnoses are not always easy to make due to atypical symptoms of their manifestation and the rarity of these diseases - just two cases per 100,000 hospitalizations of adults. A 22-year-old man with a subcutaneous abscess and anexternal fistula located in theumbilical region with redness of the surrounding skin. 16 hours after dissection and drainaging of the abscess, the patient’s condition worsened, pain in the lower parts of the abdomen began, muscle tension of the anterior abdominal wall and inflammatory changes in blood tests were revealed. The patient was operated on for peritonitis. A two-chambered urachus cyst of the «hourglass» type, with the formation of a dense consistency calculus in one of the cavities, which perforated into the abdominal cavity This clinical case is of the great interest from the point of view of the atypical course and the treatment of a rather rare anomaly in adults. The publication will remind emergency medicine physicians about the possibility of infected urachus in patients with symptoms of acute abdomen.
We aimed to study the pathomorphological changes in the structure of intervertebral disc in the early stages of the experimental opioid use. This goal was achieved by the use of histological visualization of the intervertebral disc's structures. Histological specimens were prepared according to the typical methods using such specimens as hematoxylin, eosin, azan and due to Heidenhain method, McManus PAS-reaction and Steedman alcian blue method.
The aim of our work was to study the structural organization of the components of vertebral disc of rats on the microscopic level in the normal state.This goal was achieved by means of microscopic method of visualization of cellular components of the intervertebral disc of rats. Histological preparations were made in accordance with the conventional method of using the dye hematoxylin, eosin and azan according to the method of Heidenhain, PAS reaction according to MacManus and Alcian blue according to Steedman.As a result of the microstructural study, it was ascertained that the rat’s intervertebral disc normally consists of a gelatinous (pulpal) nucleus and a fibrous ring. It is separated from the vertebral bodies by a thin layer of cartilaginous tissue of the locking plates and hyaline cartilage, which covers the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. The data that rats do not have locking plates can be rarely found in the literature. The vessels verging the intervertebral disc radially -in front, back and from the sides, branch out from the vessels of vertebral periosteum. In the cartilaginous tissue of intervertebral disc, vessels are not visualized.
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