It is well known that obesity/high body mass index (BMI) plays a key role in the evolution of insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism underlying its contribution is still not fully understood. This work focuses on an NMR-based metabolomic investigation of the serum profiles of diabetic, obese South Indian Asian subjects. (1)H 1D and 2D NMR experiments were performed to profile the altered metabolic patterns of obese diabetic subjects and multivariate statistical methods were used to identify metabolites that contributed significantly to the differences in the samples of four different subject groups: diabetic and non-diabetic with low and high BMIs. Our analysis revealed that the T2DM-high BMI group has higher concentrations of saturated fatty acids, certain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, lysine, proline, threonine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, histidine), lactic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, choline, 3,7-dimethyluric acid, pantothenic acid, myoinositol, sorbitol, glycerol, and glucose, as compared to the non-diabetic-low BMI (control) group. Of these 19 identified significant metabolites, the levels of saturated fatty acids, lactate, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine are also higher in obese non-diabetic subjects as compared to control subjects, implying that this set of metabolites could be identified as potential biomarkers for the onset of diabetes in subjects with a high BMI. Our work validates the utility of NMR-based metabolomics in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis to provide insights into the underlying metabolic pathways that are perturbed in diabetic subjects with a high BMI.
Background: Diabetes could form cholesterol gallstones more frequently because of a reduced gallbladder contraction and increased biliary cholesterol secretion. A meta -analysis study suggested that there is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of gallstone disease. The incidence of gallstones is higher in Type 2 Diabetes both in males and females than the non-diabetics. To study the frequency of gallbladder stones among patients with Objective: Method: type 2 Diabetes mellitus. After institutional ethical committee approval and obtaining written informed consent from the patients, an observational cross-sectional study was conducted on patients admitted in Raja Rajeswari medical college and hospital over a period of one and half year on 100 known case of type II diabetes mellites for more than or equal to 5 years. In the present study, the Results: occurrence of gallbladder stones was 21% among Type 2 diabetes mellitus participants. Even though statistical association could not be proven, a higher HbA1c level was found to be among the study participants with gall stones when compared with the study participants without gall stones. 21% of the study participants were Conclusion: diagnosed with Gall stones. 79% of the study participants were not diagnosed with gall stones
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