Stem base rot of winter wheat by Fusarium spp. -causes and effects (Otrzymano: 15.04.2005) S u m m a r yThe aim of the work was to determine the influence of weather conditions and a degree of weed infestation on the incidence of stem bases rot (Fusarium spp.) of winter wheat cultivars as well as their yield.The winter wheat cultivars (Kobra, Korweta, Mikon, Zyta) were investigated (2000)(2001)(2002) in the field where the following herbicides: Apyros 75 WG + Atpolan, Affinity 50,75 WG, Attribut 70 WG were applied.It has been shown the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.) depended mainly on weather conditions. The application of the herbicides improved the plant health. The stem base rot on winter wheat was caused by Fusarium spp., specially F. culmorum. The decrease in winter wheat yield depended on weather conditions, weed infestation and the occurrence of stem base rot (Fusarium spp.)
The aim of the study executed with the perpendicular strip method with three replications, conducted at the Experimental Department of Variety Evaluation in Krościna Mała in the years 2010-2012, was to determine how varieties of oat seeds would respond to the recommended and half of the recommended dose of herbicides for weed reduction, the size of grain yields, its structure and grain quality. Two varieties of oat were tested: Arden and Haker, which were sprayed during tillering with following herbicides: Starane 250 EC at doses of 0.4 and 0.8 l/ha and Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 l/ha. The listed herbicides, regardless of the dose, had a positive effect on the reduction of weed infestation, resulting in the increase of grain yield in relation to the controlled objects where no herbicides were used. The analysis of the structure of crops has shown that grain yields on combinations protected by herbicides resulted from increased stocking panicles per unit area, while the 1,000 grain weight and the number of grains per panicle followed a similar pattern as in the control plots. Herbicides used in the cultivation of oat increased the total protein content in grain and the share of grain yield with a diameter above 2.5 mm.
The environmental conditions and ecological niches for weed survival and development in cereals crops are diversified. They are conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors of the environment and natural factors including quantitative rations between species of agrophytocenosis. The object of the studies carried out in 2009-2012 was to determine the weed species composition and infestation in crops of spring cereal species. Two cultivars were taken into consideration for each cereal species. The observations were done on the control (untreated) plots of a field experiment on evaluation of herbicide biological efficacy. The obtained results revealed that regardless of cereal species and cultivar, the weed species composition was similar, however the number of weeds and their biomass were different. The smaller weed biomass and their number were correlated with a higher competitiveness of cultivated cereal plants in relation to weeds. The rye cultivar Bojko showed the highest competitivenes, while the wheat cultivar Tybalt was the least competitive. The highest weed infestation was recorder for wheat in contrast to the lowest one in barley and rye crops. A proper selection of cereal species and cultivars with high competitive abilities should be taken into consideration by organic farms.
The aim of the study executed with the split-block method with 4 replications and conducted at the Experimental Station BASF Ltd. in Pągów in the years 2009-2011 was to evaluate the effect of different doses of herbicides on the reduction of weed, grain yield and structure of two varieties of winter wheat depending on the time of sowing. The studies tested two morphologically different varieties, Nutka and Ludwig. It has been shown that weed abundance on the control plots depends on both the sowing date as well as the cultivated variety of wheat. In the area where wheat was sown at the optimum sowing time 205.9 weeds per m 2 occurred on plots with Ludwig variety, and 246.9 per m 2 with Nutka while in the delayed sowing, 134.9 per m 2 and 158.5 per m 2 , respectively. The effectiveness of the full doses of herbicides was much higher than of these reduced by 50%, which demonstrates the high sensitivity of weed species occurring in the study for active substances of herbicides. Based on the conducted survey it was found that both varieties of wheat reacted differently to grain yield on the control objects from the ones sprayed with herbicides. On the control plots, wheat sown at the optimal period produced smaller yields than wheat from the delayed sowing, while on the plots protected with herbicides the relations were inverse. In both sowing dates within the combination sprayed with herbicides no differences were observed in yielding wheat. It has been shown, however, that the variety Ludwig had a by 5.8%, and the variety Nutka by 16.7% higher yield from the timely sown crops than from the delayed sown. Analysis of the structure of yield has shown that grain yield depends in the highest degree on plant density per m 2 , and to a lesser extent on the weight of 1,000 grains, whereas the number of grains per spike remained unchanged.
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