The phytotoxicity of barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate) applied 14 days after emergence to wheat(Triticum aestivumL. ‘Waldron’) and wild oat(Avena fatuaL.), at constant, fluctuating or alternating day-night temperatures was determined in controlled environmental chambers. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as post-treatment temperature decreased. Maximum barban selectivity for wild oat in wheat occurred with a constant 18 C or an alternating 18 C day and 10 C night post-treatment temperature. At least three days of 10 C immediately following barban application were necessary to cause wheat injury. However, two days at 29 C immediately after barban application in an otherwise 10 C post-treatment regime reduced wheat injury. Further, a night temperature lower than the day temperature after barban application increased wild oat control but did not correspondingly increase wheat injury compared to the constant temperature treatments.
The herbicides Treflan EC 2 (24% trifluralin) and Devrinol 50 (50% napropamid) applied separately decreased efficiently the incidence of club-root on cabbage seedlings in pot experiments. If these herbicides were applied together with the fungicide Bavistin {50% carbendazim) the control of the disease was in some cases more efficient, as compared with Bavistin used alone. The higher the organic matter content in the soil, the lower the phytotoxicity and dub-root controlling activity of herbicides. Thus, on peat soil the 'herbicides could be applied in much higher rates than on pseudopodsolic soil.
The issue of weed control in rhubarb in Poland was presented and compared to the other countries. The ecological niche for weeds, floristic structure of weed communities and weed population dynamics in rhubarb plantings depend on different agrobiological factors. In Poland, rhubarb protection against weeds is based mainly on non-chemical methods. In most countries where rhubarb is cultivated in integrated weed control strategies herbicides are authorized and recommended. Depending on the country the active substances used in protection of rhubarb against weeds are: glyphosate, propyzamide, pendimethalin, metamitron, clopyralid and clomazone.
The environmental conditions and ecological niches for weed survival and development in cereals crops are diversified. They are conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors of the environment and natural factors including quantitative rations between species of agrophytocenosis. The object of the studies carried out in 2009-2012 was to determine the weed species composition and infestation in crops of spring cereal species. Two cultivars were taken into consideration for each cereal species. The observations were done on the control (untreated) plots of a field experiment on evaluation of herbicide biological efficacy. The obtained results revealed that regardless of cereal species and cultivar, the weed species composition was similar, however the number of weeds and their biomass were different. The smaller weed biomass and their number were correlated with a higher competitiveness of cultivated cereal plants in relation to weeds. The rye cultivar Bojko showed the highest competitivenes, while the wheat cultivar Tybalt was the least competitive. The highest weed infestation was recorder for wheat in contrast to the lowest one in barley and rye crops. A proper selection of cereal species and cultivars with high competitive abilities should be taken into consideration by organic farms.
SummaryGarlic is susceptible to weeds and is an example of the crop where integrated weed management seems to be the most effective protection solution. Due to the large number of small farms in Poland, production of minor crops, including garlic, has great importance, as it allows achieving a relatively high income per hectare. The paper presents both the non-chemical and chemical methods of garlic protection against weeds. The non-chemical weed management is usually not sufficient on large plantations. On the other hand too strong dependence on chemical weed control is also not viable solution in garlic protection. Therefore for optimal results the chemical and non-chemical methods should complement each other. The availability of plant protection products for weed control in Poland is limited to prosulfocarb, pendimethalin, propaquizafop, fluazifop P-butyl and quizalofop-P-ethyl. The availability of herbicides registered for garlic protection in other European Union Member States is also limited but usually better than in Poland.Key words: garlic; weeds; herbicide; weed management; minor crops; integrated pest management StreszczenieCzosnek jest podatny na zachwaszczenie i stanowi przykład uprawy, w której integrowana ochrona przed chwastami jest rozwiązaniem najbardziej efektywnym. Ze względu na dużą liczbę niewielkich gospodarstw, produkcja upraw małoobszarowych, a wśród nich czosnku, ma w Polsce spore znaczenie, ponieważ pozwala na osiągnięcie stosunkowo wysokiego przychodu z hektara uprawianej powierzchni. W pracy przedstawiono zarówno niechemiczne, jak i chemiczne metody ochrony czosnku przed chwastami. Na dużych plantacjach metody niechemiczne są zwykle niewystarczające. Z drugiej strony stosowanie wyłącznie ochrony chemicznej także nie sprawdza się w ochronie czosnku. Dla uzyskania optymalnego rezultatu metody chemiczne i niechemiczne powinny wzajemnie się uzupełniać. Dostępność środków chwastobójczych w Polsce jest ograniczona do prosulfokarbu, pendimetaliny, propachizafopu, fluazyfopu P-butylowego oraz chizalofopu-P-etylowego. Dostępność herbicydów zarejestrowanych do ochrony czosnku w innych państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej jest także ograniczona, ale zwykle lepsza niż w Polsce.
The influence of cycloate (active component of Ro-Neet 6E) on the biological value and residues in spinach was studied. During the growing season of spinach, cycloate residues decreased rapidly until by harvest time levels 0.0005--0.0008 mg/kg. had been reached. None of the studied herbicides had negative influence on the chemical composition of spinach.
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