Robust brain magnetic resonance (MR) segmentation algorithms are critical to analyze tissues and diagnose tumor and edema in a quantitative way. In this study, we present a new tissue segmentation algorithm that segments brain MR images into tumor, edema, white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The detection of the healthy tissues is performed simultaneously with the diseased tissues because examining the change caused by the spread of tumor and edema on healthy tissues is very important for treatment planning. We used T1, T2, and FLAIR MR images of 20 subjects suffering from glial tumor. We developed an algorithm for stripping the skull before the segmentation process. The segmentation is performed using self-organizing map (SOM) that is trained with unsupervised learning algorithm and fine-tuned with learning vector quantization (LVQ). Unlike other studies, we developed an algorithm for clustering the SOM instead of using an additional network. Input feature vector is constructed with the features obtained from stationary wavelet transform (SWT) coefficients. The results showed that average dice similarity indexes are 91% for WM, 87% for GM, 96% for CSF, 61% for tumor, and 77% for edema.

Background and Objectives: The HUC-HEART Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02323477) was a controlled, prospective, phase I/II, multicenter, single-blind, three-arm randomized study of intramyocardial delivery of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (HUC-MSCs) combined with coronary artery bypass-grafting (CABG) in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy (CIC). The trial aimed to assess (i) the safety and the efficacy of cell transplantation during one-year follow-up, (ii) to compare the efficacy of HUC-MSCs with autologous bone-marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) in the same clinical settings. Methods and Results: Fifty-four patients who were randomized to receive HUC-MSCs (23×10 6) (n=26) or BM-MNCs (70×10 7) (n=12) in combination with CABG surgery. The control patients (n=16) received no cells/vehicles but CABG intervention. All patients were screened at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 12 months after transplantation. Forty-six (85%) patients completed 12 months follow-up. No short/mid-term adverse events were encountered. Decline in NT-proBNP (baseline∼ 6 months) in both cell-treated groups; an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (5.4%) and stroke volume (19.7%) were noted (baseline∼6 or 12 months) only in the HUC-MSC group. Decreases were also detected in necrotic myocardium as 2.3% in the control, 4.5% in BM-MNC, and 7.7% in the HUC-MSC groups. The 6-min walking test revealed an increase in the control (14.4%) and HUC-MSC (23.1%) groups. Conclusions: Significant findings directly related to the intramyocardial delivery of HUC-MSCs justified their efficacy in CIC. Stricter patient selection criteria with precisely aligned cell dose and delivery intervals, rigorous follow-up by detailed diagnostic approaches would further help to clarify the responsiveness to the therapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of low-dose helical computed tomography by comparing the number of nodules detected at low-and standard-dose CT. The prospective study included 25 patients who were referred to CT scan for the assessment of pulmonary metastases. All patients underwent CT examinations at both standard-(200 mA, 120 kV, collimation 5 mm, table feed 10 mm per rotation) and low-dose (50 mA, 120 kV, collimation 5 mm, table feed 10 mm per rotation). The number of nodules detected at each protocol was recorded. The size of the nodules was measured electronically and categorized as <3, 3-4.9, 5-6.9, 7-9.9, and ≥10 mm. Finally, the nodules detected at only standard-or low-dose CT were assessed for the underlying causes of discrepancy. In 25 patients, 533 nodules were detected at standard-dose, whereas 518 nodules were observed at lowdose CT. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of nodules detected at standard-or low-dose CT (p>0.05). Four hundred ninety-one (87.7%) nodules were detected at both standard-or low-dose CT, 42 (7.5%) nodules were observed only at standard-dose CT, and 27 (4.8%) nodules were seen only at low-dose CT. The sensitivity of lowdose CT was 92.5% for all nodules, 88.1% for nodules <5 mm, and 97.4% for nodules ≥5 mm. No significant image artifact interfering with nodule detection was observed at low-dose CT. The low-dose CT protocol used in this study provided images of adequate quality; thus, it can be used reliably in the detection or exclusion of pulmonary nodules.

AIm: Piriformis syndrome is a rare neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the piriformis muscle compresses or irritates the sciatic nerve. The treatment of piriformis syndrome includes injections into the piriformis muscle around the sciatic nerve. These invasive approaches have been used with various techniques to increase the safety of the procedure. Computed tomography (CT)-guided injection of the piriformis muscle and the clinical outcome of the patients are discussed. mAterIAl and methOds: The authors presented 10 consecutive patients that underwent CT-guided piriformis injection between March and December 2007. Three patients had a history of a severe fall on the buttocks, one had gluteal abscess formation following deep intramuscular injection, and another one had a habit of prolonged sitting on the carpet. Etiology was not identified in the other patients. Main complaints of the patients were pain and numbness in the legs. Hypesthesia was the major neurological finding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electromyography (EMG) were performed in all patients. results: Nine patients had full and sustained recovery of their symptoms after piriformis injection. Only the patient who had gluteal abscess formation following deep intramuscular injection showed moderate improvement. Another patient was operated on in the 6th month after piriformis injection due to an extruded disc herniation.COnClusIOn: CT-guided piriformis injection is a safe and effective method in the treatment of piriformis syndrome. KeywOrds:Computed tomography, Piriformis syndrome, Sciatica, Treatment ÖZ AmAÇ: Piriformis sendromu, piriformis kasının siyatik sinire bası ya da irritasyonu sonucu, kalçada ve siyatik sinir trasesi boyunca yayılan ağrıya neden olan nadir bir nöromusküler sendromdur. Tedavisinde piriformis kasına ve siyatik sinir çevresine enjeksiyonlar yapılmaktadır. Bu invazif girişimler çoğunlukla işlemin güvenliğini arttıracak farklı teknikler kullanılarak yapılmaktadır. Bu makalede, bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) eşliğinde piriformis enjeksiyonu yapılan hastalar ve prognozları tartışılmıştır. yÖntem ve GereÇler: Yazarlar Mart-Kasım 2007 tarihleri arasında BT eşliğinde piriformis enjeksiyonu yapılmış on hastayı sunmaktadır. Üç hastada yüksekten kalça üzerine düşme, bir hastada intramüsküler enjeksiyonu takiben abse gelişimi, bir hastada da sert yerde uzun sureli oturma alışkanlığı öyküleri mevcuttur. Diğer hastalarda etiyoloji belirlenememiştir. Başlıca yakınma bacaklarda ağrı ve uyuşmadır. Hipoestezi ana nörolojik bulgudur, Tüm hastalara lomber manyetik rezonans (MR) ve elektromyonörografi (EMG) yapılmıştır.BulGulAr: Dokuz hastada piriformis enjeksiyonu sonrası uzun süreli belirgin iyileşme görülmüştür. İntramüsküler enjeksiyonu takiben abse gelişimi öyküsü olan hasta orta derecede fayda görmüştür. Bir başka hasta da piriformis enjeksiyonundan 6 ay sonra lomber disk hernisi nedeniyle opere edilmiştir.sOnuÇ: BT-eşliğinde piriformis enjeksiyonu bu sendromun tedavisinde etkili ve güvenilir bir yöntemdir.

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Objective: The accuracy of a surgeon's judgement still remains to be controversial in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, which is a diagnosis usually based on laboratory data and imaging tests. Material and Methods:Patients with a possible diagnosis of acute appendicitis were reviewed retrospectively with regard to demographic variables, laboratory and imaging results, and treatment modalities.Results: There were 128 patients with a mean age of 31.2±14 years. The mean white blood cell count and the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were 11403±4669/mm 3 and 75±11%, respectively. Appendectomy was performed on 66 (51.6%) patients. Conservative management was applied to 62 (48.4%) patients. Statistical analysis showed that patients with appendicitis have a higher white blood cell count (p=0.015) and a higher proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (p=0.023). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rates were 84.6%, 63.7% and 74.3% for ultrasound and 100%, 86.7% and 92.2% for computed tomography, respectively. Conclusion:Diagnosis based on patients' laboratory and imaging data, in combination with, the surgeon's judgement appears to yield the best outcomes in patients with suspicion of acute appendicitis.

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