How genetic information is modified to generate phenotypic variation within a species is one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. Here we focus on the striking intraspecific diversity of >200 aposematic elytral (forewing) colour patterns of the multicoloured Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, which is regulated by a tightly linked genetic locus h. Our loss-of-function analyses, genetic association studies, de novo genome assemblies, and gene expression data reveal that the GATA transcription factor gene pannier is the major regulatory gene located at the h locus, and suggest that repeated inversions and cis-regulatory modifications at pannier led to the expansion of colour pattern variation in H. axyridis. Moreover, we show that the colour-patterning function of pannier is conserved in the seven-spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, suggesting that H. axyridis’ extraordinary intraspecific variation may have arisen from ancient modifications in conserved elytral colour-patterning mechanisms in ladybird beetles.

No abstract

SUMMARY A follow‐up study was made on 200 children (115 boys, 85 girls) who had had infantile spasms, in order to compare their present condition over the age of six years with various prognostic factors. 48 of the children (30 males and 18 females) had died, and all the rest were aged six years or older at the time of final follow‐up. 139 of the children had received ACTH therapy: at final follow‐up, spasms had ceased in 43.5 per cent, and about the same proportion showed normal physical development; 23 per cent had normal mental development and 15.4 per cent were attending ordinary schools. Complete recovery (normal mental and physical development and attending ordinary schools) was achieved in only 19 cases (9.5 per cent). Of the cryptogenic cases, 44.4 per cent had made a full recovery. The poor prognostic factors for continuing seizures were evolution into other types of fits, relapse of seizures after ACTH therapy, seizures concomitant with spasms, and convulsions before the onset of spasms. Poor prognostic factors for physical development were delayed development before the onset of spasms, neurological abnormalities, PEG abnormality, symptomatic aetiology, neonatal convulsions, low birthweight, perinatal asphyxia and being female. Poor prognostic factors for mental development were delayed development before the onset of spasms, neurological abnormalities, PEG abnormality, prenatal and perinatal aetiology, relapse after initial ACTH therapy, laughing attacks, and evolution into other types of fits. Only in the cryptogenic cases was there significant correlation between the delay in treatment and the long‐term prognosis for mental development. Poor prognostic factors for educability were very similar to those for mental development. In spite of conflicting views as to the long‐term effects of ACTH, prompt treatment seems to be mandatory, at least in cryptogenic cases of infantile spasms. RÉSUMÉ Pronostic á long terme des spasmes infantiles: étude stalistique des facteurs pronostiques dans 200 cas Une étude longitudinale a été entreprise chez 115 garçons et 85 filles ayant eu des spasmes infantiles dans le but de comparer leur condition présente à l̂âge de six ans ou plus avec des facteurs pronostiques variés. 48 des enfants (30 garçons et 18 filles) sont morts, tous les autres étaient âgés de six ans au moins à la fin de l̂étude longitudinale. 139 des enfants avaient reçu un traitement d̂ACTH. A la fin de l̂étude, les spasmes avaient cessé dans 43,5 pour cent des cas et une proportion identique présentait un développement physique normal; 23 pour cent avaient un développement mental normal et 15,4 pour cent fréquentaient une école ordinaire. La ‘guérison complète’ (développement mental et physique normaux, fréquentation d̂une école ordinaire) n'était observée que dans 19 cas (9,5 pour cent). Parmi les cas d̂origine inconnue, 44,4 pour cent presentaient une guerison complète. Les facteurs de mauvais pronostic pour la continuation des crises étaient l̂évolution vers d̂autres types...

We succeeded in measuring the density and direction of the edge component of threading dislocations (TDs) in c-plane (0001) GaN by micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping. In the micro-Raman spectroscopy mapping of the E2H peak shift between 567.85 and 567.75 cm−1, six different contrast images are observed toward directions of . By comparing X-ray topography and etch pit images, the E2H peak shift is observed where the edge component of TDs exists. In contrast, the E2H peak is not observed where the screw component of TDs exists.