A micro strip patch antenna with multiple parasitic patches for Cognitive Radio Network applications is presented to enhance the bandwidth. Multiple resonances are used for the design of antenna, with a view to broaden bandwidth. A modified Koch Fractal antenna is imprinted from micro strip radiating patch. A Parasitic Strip line helps to grasp micro hertz communication through antenna. A slotted patch energized by a gap feed was established before with a large angular coverage over a bandwidth of 13.1%. In this paper, it is proposed that multiple parasitic patches are potential for cognitive radio applications where circular patch (CP) covers bandwidth of 85% with radiation pattern for Spectrum Utilization (SU) and CP with meander lines feeding behaves as communication antenna operating at Wireless Local Area Network 802.11y (3.637 GHz). The transceiver in a communication network is powered by Proposed Antenna, to acquire improved energy efficiency of 95.7%. Thus, throughput and SU have been improved, a model of antenna has been fabricated and its radiation patterns, return losses were achieved which shows fine consistency with simulated results.
Efficient spectrum utilization is a prominent issue in cognitive radio networks. Owing to this, power allocation policies are proposed which underlay cognitive radio networks together among all prime nodes, secondary nodes, eavesdropper and secondary sender powered by renewable energy that is harvested from primary sender to acquire improved energy efficiency to enhance transmission rate, throughput, and Spectrum Utilization (SU). As a result, there is a need for combination of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) algorithm, Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) algorithm which will make an allotment of obtainable network assets for various elements challenging for their resources. The prime objective of this paper is to intend a route control based multi-path Quality Of Service (QoS) and to find substitute paths between Secondary User (SU) source and SU destination fulfilling QoS metrics, specifically providing maximal throughput and minimal delay. In order that primary substitute channels along the paths are used completely to reduce data packets loss by using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) software tool.
In this paper, a Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is about to be designed. A dielectric material known as the substrate is sandwiched between a metallic patch and ground in an MPA. In comparison to the substrate and ground, a patch is smaller in size. The resonant frequency and dielectric constant value affect the size of a microstrip patch antenna. The proposed technology is a multi- input and multi-output microstrip patch antenna technology for wireless communications. The term "multiple inputs and multiple outputs" (MIMO) refers to a wireless technology that transfers more data between the transmitter and receiver at once to speed up data transmission and reduce mistakes. In essence, this idea refers to wireless network technology enabling access points or wireless routers to have many antennas. Simulating all antenna parameters, such as VSWR, balance, efficiencies, far field, and s-parameters, using CST Microwave Studio is the only way to verify the proposed antennas' performance.
Antenna means for radiating radio waves, Generally the type of antenna that are used in cell phone handsets in the form of Sleeve dipoles, Whip antennas. In the sleeve dipoles we have a coaxial transmission line, dielectric insert, metal sleeve and line braid. The balancing mode can be achievable with metal sleeve also the stability of the radiation pattern. The role of the dielectric and sleeve are not only maintaining the radiation pattern stable but also walk on the matching. Whenever we have the roll over mobile it is used for getting signal as well as receive signal. Capturing of signal is possible when the mobile starts working. The system represents the capturing of omni directional signal through radiation pattern measurements. The coaxial line inner conductor is along the Z- direction, the signal is symmetric along X-Y plane. In this chapter it is proposed to develop an antenna which can be used as low-cost product in various fields. The construction of the whip antenna must be compact. A spring in the whip antenna plays a vital role as small compact antenna systems which is usually implemented for cell phones. The small compact antenna used for transmitting and receiving signals in an omni-directional system. From the cell phone perspective technology, the printed technology made a significant role which helps in use meandered monopoles used in MEMS. In historical perspective, this complicated design has to concentrate on the types of frequency ranges covered with radiation pattern also we cannot estimate current in the antenna since it is an integrated device, the placement of the other things like a battery also carries power and we have to look into the arrangements in a design in such a way that we must estimate the power dissipation throughout the antenna circuit, we have to rectify if the current which flows through the conductor carries any additional effects. The overall structure of the mobile also affects the radiation pattern. The parasitic effects, nearby circuits, placement of the other devices in a mobile affects the electromagnetic energy distribution. Similarly in all the fields the antenna can be developed with low-cost product manufacturing.
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