The aim of this study was to assess the effects of organicfertilizers (cow manure + dung water; cattle slurry) applied in different annual doses of nitrogen (54, 84 and 120 kg/ha) by different intensities of grassland utilization (extensive – two cuts per year, medium intensive – three cuts per year, intensive – four cuts per year) on percentage of plant functional groups, dry matter yield, and forage quality. The study was performed on small-plot trial over 7 years on moderately moist grassland in the Czech Republic. The proportion of legumes was significantly higher in the treatments fertilized with cow manure + dung-water combined with medium intensive utilization and intensive utilization (10.2% and 10.3%, respectively). Fertilization significantly increased dry matter yields by 51.9% (cow manure + dung water) and 56% (cattle slurry) compared with unfertilized controls (4.81 t/ha). Grasslands fertilized with cattle slurry showed significantly higher concentration of crude protein (142.9 g/kg) compared with unfertilized (126.4 g/kg). Extensive grassland utilization significantly affected the increase of crude fibre concentration (up to 282.1 g/kg), and decrease of the energy value (up to 4.68 MJ g/kg of NEL). Organic matter digestibility was also negatively influenced by extensive grassland utilization (61.0%, 65.42% and 67.44% for the extensive, medium intensive and intensive utilization, respectively). Our findings suggested that medium intensive and intensive grassland utilization by the organic fertilization, which corresponded to annual doses of nitrogen of 84 and 120 kg/ha were the most suitable from the viewpoint of animal nutrition.
The aim of the study was to estimate the forage quality and mycotoxin contamination in the locality of Švýcárna (1304 m a.s.l.), where the cattle grazing a er the long-term management cessation was introduced on the pasture area of 3.6 ha in 2012. The pasture was divided into two grazing plots: P1 (Nar) (dominance of Nardus stricta) and P2 (Des) (dominance of Deschampsia cespitosa). Samples of forage were taken in June, July, August and September 2014 and 2015 from fi ve permanent plots situated in diff erent places of locality. Samples were analysed on the content of basic nutrients and macroand micro-elements. Further, the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2/ HT-2 toxin was determined using ELISA method. From June to September the mean content of crude fi bre signifi cantly (P < 0.05) increased (from 243.9 g.kg −1 DM to 331.7 g.kg −1 DM, respectively) and the content of crude protein signifi cantly (P < 0.05) decreased (from 166.9 g.kg −1 DM to 89.2 g.kg −1 DM, respectively). Mean concentration of DON in P1 (Nar) was numerically higher than in P2 (Des), being 715 and 620.63 μg.kg −1 , respectively (P < 0.05). Mean concentration of T-2/HT-2 toxin was 44.88 and 55.04 μg.kg −1 in P1 (Nar) and P2 (Des), respectively. The content of ZEA in P1 (Nar) of 54.65 μg.kg −1 was lower than in P2 (Des) being 78.72 μg.kg −1 (P < 0.05).
AbstractŠTÝBNAROVÁ MARIE, MIČOVÁ PAVLÍNA, KARABCOVÁ HANA, SVOZILOVÁ MARIE: Occurrence of couch grass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] under diff erent grassland management. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 5, pp. 1399-1404 The objective of this research was to investigate occurrence of common couch grass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) under diff erent grassland management by means of a small-plot trial. The trial was managed during 2003-2011 with four levels of utilisation: intensive (4 cuts per year, 1 st cut on 15 May), medium intensive (3 cuts per year, 1 st cut on 30 May), low intensive (2 cuts per year, 1 st cut on 15 June), and extensive (2 cuts per year, 1 st cut on 30 June). Four rates of fertilisation were applied for each utilisation treatment: nil-fertilisation, P 30 K 60 , N 90 P 30 K 60 , and N 180 P 30 K 60 (pure nutrients). The intensively utilised treatments without N fertilisation showed the lowest mean percentage cover of couch (3.0 %, and 2.8 %, respectively). Further, we found a signifi cant increase in couch grass cover (up to about 30 %) as a response to nitrogen fertilisation and it was most signifi cant in grasslands utilised with two cuts per year. It can be concluded that grassland utilisation in three cuts per year and the dose 90 kg.ha −1 of nitrogen led to the maintenance of the occurrence of couch at the reasonable level up to 10-15 %. permanent grasslands, couch grass, N fertilisation, cutting frequency Common couch grass (also called quackgrass: Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) is considered a primary noxious highly invasive weed (Westra and Wyse, 1981). As Sheaff er et al. (2004) mentioned couch grass is noted for aggressive spreading by rhizomes and persistence. It is frequently concentrated in the hedge bottoms and fi eld margins and it rapidly spreads out from the fi eld margins into cultivated fi elds. As couch grass is adaptable to a range of environments and management regimes, it o en becomes the predominant grass in hay fi elds, pastures, and set-aside fi elds.Knowledge about the response of couch grass to the diff erent management practices is necessary to improve animal production. The occurrence of couch grass is one of the main factors reducing both grass yield and quality in cultivated meadows and pastures (Carrere et al., 2010). Subsequently, the animal performance could be negatively aff ected. A percentage cover of over 15 % is not generally desirable with respect to the poorer forage value of this species. Beside its negative impact on the forage quality in natural grasslands, couch grass is able to outcompete and exclude native vegetation, resulting in an overall loss of biodiversity.Considering the negative eff ects of the weeds occurred in farmland areas they are o en commonly controlled by herbicides (Hasan, 1994;Davis and Ballingal, 2009). Chemical methods of couch grass control are, however, expensive and may have negative eff ects on the environment (Bergkvist et al., 2010). The...
RžONCA, J., MITRUŠKOVá, M., POZDÍŠEK, J., POSPIŠIL, R., MIČOVá, P., ŠTýBNAROVá, M., SVOZILOVá, M.: Energy analysis of various grassland utilisation systems. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2005, LIII, No. 4, pp. 117-126 In 2003 and 2004 was carried out the energy analysis of the different types of permanent grassland utilization on the Hrubý Jeseník locality. There were estimated values of the particular entrances of additional energy. Energy entrances moved according to the pratotechnologies from 2.17 gJ. ha -1 to 22.70 gJ.ha -1 . The biggest share on energy entrances had fertilizers. It was 84.93% by the nitrogen fertilisation. The most energy benefit of brutto and nettoenergy was marked by the low intensive utilisation (33.40 gJ.ha -1 NEL and 32.40 gJ.ha -1 NEV on average). The highest value of energy efficiency (13.23%) was marked by the low intensive utilization of permanent grassland. By using of higher doses of industrial fertilizers has energy efficiency decreased. From view of energy benefit and intensiveness on energy entrances it appears the most available utilisation of permanent grassland with three cuts per year (first cut on May 31 st at the latest, every next after 60 days) or two cuts per year (first cut on July 15 th
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