According lo the "strategy lor the development of a renewable energy sector" the ,shyre ol renewable energy in the primarily energy balance in Poland should grow to l.yVr by 2010, The main souree of renewable energy will be biomass from annual and perennial energy erops. Sinec January I. 2(K)7 Pnland has been included in a European Union system of subsidies to energy crop prinluction and hemp will be included in the grttup of energy ert)ps. In Poland, climate and soil eonditions are suitable for hemp euhivation. Currently, there arc four eultivars of moiUMieious hemp regislered (Beniko, liialobr/.eskie. Silesia, and Tygra). yielding 1()-15 tons of bminass (x:r heetare. The technologies for hemp eultivation Henryk Hurc/yk, Lidia (¡labowska, Jaeek Kotod/ici. and Malgor/.ata Strybe are affiliated wiih the Institute of Natural I'ibres, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 b,
Hemp grown for textile applications must be sown at high densities (60-80 kg/ha) and harvested early to obtain fiber of high quality, and the interest in cultivating industrial hemp used for non-textile applications is growing. Broadening the use of hemp as a raw material for specific industrial products and obtaining maximum yields calls for revision of current sowing densities and harvest dates. Therefore, two experiments (A + B) have been carried out in 2004-2006 at the INF Experimental Farm in Petkowo, Poland, near 1roda Wielkopolska. In experiment A, four sowing densities of hemp grown for biomass, straw, panicles, and seed were tested (30, 40, 50, 60 kg/ha). In experiment B, lower sowing densities were compared for hemp grown for seed, panicles, and straw (5, 10, 15, 20 kg/ha). In both experiments, plants were harvested at three periods: beginning of panicle forming, full bloom, and full seed maturity. Panicles were harvested for essential oils. Results of field and laboratory testing confirmed a hypothesis that maximum yields of biomass, straw, cellulose, and fiber can be obtained at lower sowing densities (30 kg/ha) harvested at full bloom. When growing hemp for seed or panicles, the highest yields were obtained when hemp was sown at 10-20 kg/ha and harvested at full maturity of panicles. Following the results of the study, the norms for sowing hemp for non-textile applications used in agricultural practices require verification to increase yields of raw materials from 1 ha and to improve competitiveness of industrial products.
Rigbt after World War II, only dioecious cultivars of hemp were grown in Poland. Since 1956 Ihe work has begun at tbe In.stilute of Natural Fibers (!NF) to obtain monoecious cullivars. The first Polish monoecious cultivar of bemp-^Bialobrzeskie-^was registered in 1968. Further breeding work focused on straw yield and fiber content increase and reduction of A'^HC content. Tbe further work resulted in 1985 in registration of cultivar Beniko, which was developed at tbe INF Research Station in Wojciechow. Beniko bus bigbcr (by aboul 2%) fiber content than that of Bialobrzeskic cultivar und higb yields wbile ihe (race tclrahydrocannabinol content (A'*THC< 0.2%) poses no narcotic threat. Bcnikt) is also cbaracterized by higb degree of nionoeciousncss and yielding stability In respect of siiaw and seed. High economic value of tbis cultivar resulted in cultivar cmollivient in Pi.>lish National List of Varieties of Agricultural and Vegetable Plants in Poland as well as in Commonwcaltb Catalogue of Cultivar Plants (CCA). Breeding work tbat lasted more than twenty years resulted in development of maintenance breeding method lor hemp. This method allows botb maintaining basic economics of the cultivar antI systematic improvement of these features. L. Grabowska, H. Burczyk. P. Baraniecki and M. Strybe (m.strybe@inf piiznan.pl) are aliilialcd witb the Institute of Natural Fibres, Poznan, Poland. J. Kozak is affiliated witb tbe Experimental Farm, Tbis metbod allowed for obtaining the cultivar Beniko, which is competitive to the best European cultivars. Additionally, tbe breeding research is carried out al tbe INF to obtain new cultivars suitable for different uses of industrial bemp.
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