Rabbit breeding is practiced in many hot climate countries and contributes in terms of agricultural activities to rural development. In Tunisia two different rabbit breeding systems can be identified -the "traditional" (an integrated free range and underground system) and the "commercial" (employing sheds and wire net cages) practice. 24 Tunisian rabbitries (10 traditional and 14 commercial) were included in an epidemiological study aimed at comparing the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria responsible for upper respiratory and digestive diseases in the two breeding systems. A total of 128 adult rabbits (mean age of 9.4 months) were tested using deep nasal and rectal swabs. Symptoms of nasal discharge and/or diarrhea were recorded. 281 bacterial strains were isolated in total, 138 in commercial and 143 in traditional farms. The bacteria most frequently isolated (61.2%) were Gram-positive strains, which included Streptococcus sp. (22.8%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp. (17.8%) and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (17.4%) strains. Among the Gram-negative isolated bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most frequent (12.5%), followed by Proteus sp. (5.7%). The two Salmonella strains isolated were Salmonella bongori (found in the commercial system), and Salmonella typhimurium definitive phage-type (DT) 104 (found in the traditional farming system). The absence of Pasteurella multocida in the list of isolated bacteria may be directly correlated to the method of conserving the samples (storage at freezing temperature). The coagulase-positive Staphylococcus strains were frequently isolated (73.5%) from healthy rabbits, but seldom from rabbits with rhinitis (18.4%) or diarrhea (8.2%). Staphylococcus aureus strains were recovered at a higher rate in commercial farms (21%) in comparison with traditional (11.9%) farms. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Four Staphylococcus aureus strains, all belonging to commercial farms, proved positive when tested for enterotoxin production. The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains was also investigated. Most of the antibiotics tested were very effective: the highest level of susceptibility was observed with enrofloxacin (100%). The low performance of Tunisian traditional rabbit rearing has been linked to the high mortality rate, which may possibly be due to the increased presence of pathogens at the rabbit flock level. However, this was not confirmed by the results of our study due to the fact that the bacterial contamination seems to be comparable in both the traditional and the commercial breeding systems.

In the latest year, and also in 2013, Salmonella was the most frequently detected causative agent in foodborne outbreaks (FBOs) reported in Europe. As indicated in EFSA report (2015) the serotypes mostly associated to FBOs are S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis; while Salmonella Typhimurium is generally associated with the consumption of contaminated pork and beef, FBOs due to Salmonella Enteritidis are linked to eggs and poultry meat. In this study it is described the investigation of a domestic FBO involving four adults and linked to homemade lasagne. Investigations were performed to determine the relatedness of Salmonella strains, identify the sources of infection, and trace the routes of Salmonella contamination in this FBO. Salmonella strains were isolated in 3 out of 4 patient stool samples and from lasagne and all of them were serotyped as S. Enteritidis. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed the genotypical similarity of all the strains. Although serotyping and PFGE analysis identified the common food source of infection in this FBO, it was not possible to determine how or at what point during food preparation the lasagne became contaminated with Salmonella.

Raw milk at vending machine is surging in popularity amongst consumers of Northern Italy; indeed in Piedmont Region there are more than 100 vending machines. In June 2008 Piedmont Region set out a specific monitoring plan to check the milk quality. From June to December 2008, 113 raw milk samples were collected at vending machines. Samples were analysed for Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., coagulase positive staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Campylobacter. Moreover, 100 samples were analysed for the quantification of aflatoxin M1. 26 samples have been resulted Not Conform for the hygienic criteria and 1 exceeded the aflatoxin M1 limit