Optical high quality semi-organic piperazinium tetrachlorozincate monohydrate, [C4H12N2] ZnCl4. H2O (PTCZ) single crystals were grown by conventional solution method. The structure of grown crystal was confirmed by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The material phase purities and its various (hkl) planes have been confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis at room temperature. The different functional groups were confirmed by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The optical quality of the PTCZ single crystal and band gap energy have been identified by the UV-Vis NIR spectral analysis and also calculated refractive index of the material. The thermal stability of the PTCZ single crystal was investigated by TG-DTA. The hardness related properties were analyzed by microhardness tester. The dielectric properties have been measured on the grown single crystal and the electronic polarizability value has been calculated with various theoretical approach. The etching process was carried out on the grown crystal to finding the dislocation density. The crystal atomic perfection has been investigated by the high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) or Rocking curve (RC) analysis. The Z-scan measurement has been carried out to finding third-order optical susceptibility (χ(3)) of the grown single crystal using solid state laser (640 nm).
The use of castellated beams has increased a lot in the past few years in all types of structures. The castellated beam is one of the several methods used to decrease the weight and cost of steel used in the construction. In castellated beams, increased depths can be achieved without increasing the self-weight of the structure. The significant advantages of castellated beams are better possessing bending moment capacity, ease of providing service pipes and wires, and aesthetic appearances. The castellated beams are made by making a zigzag cut through the web according to the desired opening shape and size, and then the two parts are welded together. In this work, static and dynamic analyses of the castellated steel beam section (ISMB 300) are performed to compare deflection, stress distribution, shear Stress, amplitude, and natural frequency. The investigation is done using ANSYS 18. The Castellated beam having a maximum opening of size 0.6h is used for the study. The castellated beams have proved to be useful under a light-uniform load.
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