Progress has been achieved in perfecting the technique for the growth of ruby from flux and broadening the fluorescent linewidth by Ga additions. Line broadening was achieved in flux-grown ruby crystals both by the deliberate addition of Ga and by the substitution of O2− by F− during crystal growth. Broadening in excess of 10 cm−1 was obtained due to a combination of these factors. Solubility of pure Al2O3 in PbF2 was found to be reduced about 10% by the addition of 0.02 mole % Cr. Chemical analysis of the crystals shows a concentration gradient exists for Cr but not for Ga.
Isotope ratios can be determined with high precision by quadrupole mass spectrometry even under the dynamic conditions imposed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Applications abound especially in chemistry, biology, and medicine Interest in the use of stable isotopes has sharply increased in recent years in all fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine as a combined result of a decrease in the cost of stable isotopes, advances in the design and performance of magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric instrumentation, and the general concern over the hazards of radioactive isotopes. Of
Dr. Reza Davarnejad was born in 1978 (Arak, Iran). He received his bachelor and master in petrochemical and chemical engineering in Iran in 2002 and 2004, respectively. He joined University Sains Malaysia (Penang, Malaysia) and he continued his study in chemical engineering (separation processes). He focused on the supercritical technology, thermodynamics and biotechnology. He was awarded PhD. degree in 2010. He has a lot of publications and research activities. Furthermore, he worked as a process engineer in Shazand Petrochemical Corporation, as a researcher assistant in University Sains Malaysia and as an invited lecturer in several universities. He has joined the Chemical Engineering Department of Arak University as an assistant professor in 2010. He is presently teaching and researching there. Currently, he is as a fixed reviewer and assistant editor in many technical valid journals.
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