Isotope ratios can be determined with high precision by quadrupole mass spectrometry even under the dynamic conditions imposed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Applications abound especially in chemistry, biology, and medicine Interest in the use of stable isotopes has sharply increased in recent years in all fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine as a combined result of a decrease in the cost of stable isotopes, advances in the design and performance of magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric instrumentation, and the general concern over the hazards of radioactive isotopes. Of
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