ABSTRACT:The legacy inherited from anthropogenic processes needs to be addressed in order to provide reliable and up-to-date ground information relevant to the urban environment. The legacy includes holes as well as materials. Their characteristics derive from former quarrying and mining activities, industrial processes creating derelict ground, variably consolidated made ground, and contaminated groundwater and soils. All need to be systematically assessed to inform the planning process and provide the basis for engineering solutions. Site-specific investigation needs to be conducted on the back of good quality geoscientific data. This comes from 'field' survey, remotely sensed data interpretation, soil geochemical sampling, and geotechnical investigation. Three-dimensional characterization of superficial deposits is required to reach an understanding of the potential spatial lithological variability of artificial ground and the geometry of importance surfaces, i.e. the boundary conditions.

Large parts of the Falkland Islands are covered by conspicuous stone stripes. Their appearance is believed to be the result of partial vegetation cover developing on solifluction‐transported rock.

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Most people have heard of the Rock of Gibraltar, yet few know anything of its geology. Recent studies now interpret the Rock as a partly overturned mass of Jurassic limestone, thrust into position during continent‐continent collision by about 15–20 million years ago, and shaped largely by shoreline processes active during Pleistocene tectonic uplift. The Rock's geology has implications for currently developing interpretations of the geological evolution of the western Mediterranean region and for the fast‐growing development of Gibraltar's urban environment.

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