Silver nanowire transparent electrodes have shown considerable potential to replace conventional transparent conductive materials. However, in this report we show that Joule heating is a unique and serious problem with these electrodes. When conducting current densities encountered in organic solar cells, the average surface temperature of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver nanowire electrodes, both with sheet resistances of 60 ohms/square, remains below 35 °C. However, in contrast to ITO, the temperature in the nanowire electrode is very non-uniform, with some localized points reaching temperatures above 250 °C. These hotspots accelerate nanowire degradation, leading to electrode failure after 5 days of continuous current flow. We show that graphene, a commonly used passivation layer for these electrodes, slows nanowire degradation and creates a more uniform surface temperature under current flow. However, the graphene does not prevent Joule heating in the nanowires and local points of high temperature ultimately shift the failure mechanism from nanowire degradation to melting of the underlying plastic substrate. In this paper, surface temperature mapping, lifetime testing under current flow, post-mortem analysis, and modelling illuminate the behaviour and failure mechanisms of nanowires under extended current flow and provide guidelines for managing Joule heating.
The purpose of this article is to present a new calibration procedure for spectroscopic measurements using an infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) spectrometer on highly opaque middle-wave infrared (MWIR) media. The procedure is based on the properties of the IRFPA camera and especially the integration time (IT), which is the main parameter that can be adjusted to control the sensitivity of the measurements. The goal of the paper is to experimentally validate this dependence with the direct reference intensity light coming out of the IR monochromator in order to predict the spectrum shape and intensity level in a range out of the camera saturation. This method allows determining spectrum used as background for transmittance calculation. It has been applied in the case of measurement of water transmittance, which is a highly opaque medium and whose measurement requires high ITs. The main result is the ability to take an IR spectroscopic imaging measurement through 300 µm of water and the determination of its transmittance with sufficient sensitivity due to the proposed calibration procedure. This procedure allows the possibility of transitory studies in heterogeneous aqueous media.
In this paper, simultaneous microscopic measurements of thermal and spectroscopic fields of a paraffin wax n-alkane phase change material are reported. Measurements collected using an original setup are presented and discussed with emphasis on the ability to perform simultaneous characterization of the system when the proposed imaging process is used. Finally, this work reveals that the infrared wavelength contains two sets of important information. Furthermore, this versatile and flexible technique is well adapted to characterize many systems in which the mass and heat transfers effects are coupled.
This work aims to achieve contactless absolute-temperature measurements of infrared-semi-transparent solids using an infrared thermal and spectroscopic imaging technique. The multispectral thermo-transmittance coefficient fields in the 3–5 μm wavelength range for Sapphire, KBr, and Silicon are determined to be 6 × 10−4 K−1, 4 × 10−4 K−1, and −3 × 10−3 K−1, respectively. The most interesting result is the high temperature-dependent transmittance coefficient in the middle wave infrared region. With these coefficients, the absolute temperature fields in a range from room temperature to 140 °C are shown.
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