Intra-operative diagnosis by cytological imprint and frozen sectioning supplemented by paraffin impregnation were carried out on 50 suspected ovarian tumors. The combined cytologic and cryostat methods gave an accuracy rate of 90% compared to 84% and 74% of either method used separately, and in a short time.

The injected latex method was used to study the anatomy of the intramural segment in ten uteri. Another ten uteri were used for its histological evaluation. The intramural segment had an S-shaped course with double curves. Its length ranged between 0.9 and 1.7 cm. The lining epithelium showed variations at different levels with increase in cell density and number of cilia as the isthmus was approached. At the uterotubal junction, there were mucosal folds of endosalpinx directed towards the tubal lumen.

A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted in six centres to compare the effects of a 14 day treatment with either 50 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol daily or 2.5 mg oestrone sulphate daily, on depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)-induced prolonged bleeding. Out of 1035 women admitted to the study, 278 requested treatment and were given ethinyl oestradiol (n = 90), oestrone sulphate (n = 91) or placebo (n = 97). Ethinyl oestradiol was successful in stopping the bleeding episode in 93% of cases, compared with oestrone sulphate and placebo which had success rates of 76 and 74% respectively. However, the relative advantage of ethinyl oestradiol was marginal, with an average reduction of 1 bleeding day and 3 spotting days compared with the other two groups. Immediately after treatment, women given ethinyl oestradiol had less bleeding but a more unpredictable pattern than the other two groups. In the long term, there were no differences between the bleeding patterns or the discontinuation rates for any reason in the three groups, and the most important single reason for discontinuation in those groups remained 'menstrual problems'. In summary, the study showed that treatment of DMPA-induced prolonged bleeding with ethinyl oestradiol had a limited short-term effect but no beneficial effect on the acceptability of DMPA as a contraceptive method. Treatment with oestrone sulphate was no different from placebo.

The abnormal Doppler result usually precedes the appearance of abnormal BPP. The abnormal Doppler result helps to identify the fetus at risk that needs further surveillance.

HM occurs more frequently in women with certain HLA antigens and when the husband and wife have partial compatibility at the B locus.