Almost twenty years after its initial release, the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource remains an invaluable source of information for the study of motif-mediated protein-protein interactions. ELM provides a comprehensive, regularly updated and well-organised repository of manually curated, experimentally validated short linear motifs (SLiMs). An increasing number of SLiM-mediated interactions are discovered each year and keeping the resource up-to-date continues to be a great challenge. In the current update, 30 novel motif classes have been added and five existing classes have undergone major revisions. The update includes 411 new motif instances mostly focused on cell-cycle regulation, control of the actin cytoskeleton, membrane remodelling and vesicle trafficking pathways, liquid-liquid phase separation and integrin signalling. Many of the newly annotated motif-mediated interactions are targets of pathogenic motif mimicry by viral, bacterial or eukaryotic pathogens, providing invaluable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying infectious diseases. The current ELM release includes 317 motif classes incorporating 3934 individual motif instances manually curated from 3867 scientific publications. ELM is available at: http://elm.eu.org.

C-H…pi interactions are a class of non-covalent interactions found in different molecular systems including organic crystals, proteins and nucleic acids. High-resolution protein structures have been analyzed in the present study to delineate various aspects of C-H…pi interactions. Additionally, to determine the extent to which redundancy of a database biases the outcome, two datasets differing from each other in the level of redundancy have been analyzed. On average, only one out of six {with C-H(Aro) group} or eight {with C-H(Ali) group} residues in a protein participate as C-H group donors. Neither the frequency of occurrence in proteins nor the number of C-H groups present in it is correlated to the propensity of an amino acid to participate in C-H…pi interactions. Most of the residues that participate in C-H…pi interactions are solvent-shielded. Solvent shielded nature of most of the C-H…pi interactions and prevalence of intra- as well as inter-secondary structural element C-H…pi interactions suggest that the contribution of these interactions to the enthalpy of folded form will be significant. The separation in the primary structure between donor and acceptor residues is found to be correlated to secondary structure type. Other insights obtained from this study include the presence of networks of C-H…pi interactions spanning multiple secondary structural elements. To our knowledge this has not been reported so far. A substantial number of residues involved in C-H…pi interactions are found in catalytic and ligand binding sites suggesting their possible role in maintaining active site geometry. No significant differences of C-H…pi interactions in the two datasets are found for any of the parameters/features analyzed.

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A simple one-pot synthesis has been developed for the synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles using magnetic recyclable spinel nano copper and cobalt ferrites by the condensation of benzil, aromatic aldehyde and ammonium acetate in ethanol as solvent. The reaction, with these catalysts was carried out under mild reaction conditions with very good yields of substituted imidazoles. These catalysts can be recycled very easily and reused, which makes this methodology environmentally benign.

A green, operationally simple and highly efficient one pot fourcomponent approach for the synthesis of 2-hydroxy-3-((5hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)(phenyl)methyl) naphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives has been developed by a domino reaction. Ethyl acetoacetate, aromatic aldehyde, 2hydroxynaphthaquinoline and phenylhydrazine derivative was used as the reagent and Er(OTf) 3 as the catalyst. This approach offers the advantages of clean and simple methodology, short reaction time, no column purification, low environmental impact, simple isolation of product and good yield. The synthesized compounds (5a-o) were screened for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the results were compared with standards.

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