Dominant black pigment synthesis in sheep is caused by alterations of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) coding sequence. Using five bovine microsatellite markers we have mapped the sheep MC1-R gene to chromosome 14, corresponding to the location in other mammalian species. The existence of two independent mutations, both causing an amino acid substitution, in distantly related breeds of sheep, support the hypothesis that the observed black pigment synthesis is caused by a mutual effect of the two mutations. As similar mutations are found separately at both locations in dominant black variants of other animal species, it is also possible that any of the two mutations could be sufficient for a partial pigment switch.

The occurrence of self-colour pigmentation in the Australian Merino wool flock is of considerable economic importance. The Agouti gene is believed to be responsible for the recessive expression of pigmented fleece. Using comparative mapping information we have investigated the putative homologous ovine map positon of the Agouti gene for linkage to the recessive self-colour phenotype of Australian Merino sheep. Significant results were observed with microsatellites previously mapped to ovine chromosome 13. Comparative data suggest that the ovine Agouti gene would map to the same chromosome, making the Agouti gene a positional candidate for the self-colour phenotype.

This study determines how levels of various trace metals in wool and the colour of the fibre change as a result of sunlight exposure and treatment with chelating compounds during wool growth. Twenty-four yearling Merino sheep were clipped on the shoulders and rumps and fitted with sheep coats modified with transparent patches. Patches over the shoulder wool (one per sheep) were either polyethylene (PE) that transmits ultraviolet light or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that excludes ultraviolet light. The rump wool on each sheep was treated either with a copper chelator treatment (kojic acid or methyl gentisate in aqueous alcohol) or aqueous alcohol only. For 12 of the sheep the rumps were exposed to sunlight through PE patches while rump wool on the other sheep was covered by the sheep coat. Wool was harvested after 11 weeks’ growth with yellowness (Y-Z) and individual mineral contents measured using the same clean wool sample. Sunlight exposure through PE patches caused a mean increase in Y-Z to 9.1 (shoulder) or 9.5–10.1 (rump) from a base level of 7.1–7.2 (shoulder) or 7.0–7.6 (rump) in wool protected by the sheep coat. In contrast, there was no significant change in Y-Z for the PVC patch (shoulder). Therefore, it appears that ultraviolet light damage caused the increased Y-Z. Most of the trace metals analysed increased in the shoulder wool exposed to sunlight but the paired differences for PVC were lower than PE. It appears that changes in fibre caused by sunlight exposure (especially ultraviolet light) facilitate adsorption of minerals from the environment, including the animal’s own suint. Application of the chelating compounds to the rump wool caused pronounced yellowing of the wool with Y-Z increase being most pronounced for kojic acid. Copper levels in the wool were reduced by kojic acid and methyl gentisate while calcium levels were increased by kojic acid and reduced by methyl gentisate. It is not clear from these findings whether minerals and copper in particular contribute to yellowing of wool. However, the different effects of sunlight and chelation on mineral contents in wool shown may well relate to alternative mechanisms of discoloration (i.e. photoyellowing versus bacterial).

No abstract

The pursuits of white features and white fleeces free of pigmented fibre have been important selection objectives for many sheep breeds. The cause and inheritance of non-white colour patterns in sheep has been studied since the early 19th century. Discovery of genetic causes, especially those which predispose pigmentation in white sheep, may lead to more accurate selection tools for improved apparel wool. This article describes an extended QTL study for 13 skin and fibre pigmentation traits in sheep. A total of 19 highly significant, 10 significant and seven suggestive QTL were identified in a QTL mapping experiment using an Awassi × Merino × Merino backcross sheep population. All QTL on chromosome 2 exceeded a LOD score of greater than 4 (range 4.4-30.1), giving very strong support for a major gene for pigmentation on this chromosome. Evidence of epistatic interactions was found for QTL for four traits on chromosomes 2 and 19. The ovine TYRP1 gene on OAR 2 was sequenced as a strong positional candidate gene. A highly significant association (P < 0.01) of grandparental haplotypes across nine segregating SNP/microsatellite markers including one non-synonymous SNP with pigmentation traits could be shown. Up to 47% of the observed variation in pigmentation was accounted for by models using TYRP1 haplotypes and 83% for models with interactions between two QTL probabilities, offering scope for marker-assisted selection for these traits.

The development of black-grey pigmented skin spots and pigmented wool fibres on adult Merino sheep over a 3-year period was assessed. Effects of long-term grazing of oestrogenic pasture and multiple shearing were studied. The number of affected sheep and number of pigmented spots on affected sheep increased with age, with the greatest increase at 8.5 years age. Grazing of oestrogenic pastures had no effect but twice yearly shearing increased the development of pigmented spots after 2 years of treatment. Measurements on fleeces and top from sheep with no apparent pigmented spots showed that this wool was generally free of pigmented fibres. In contrast, wool from affected individuals generally had high concentrations of pigmented wool fibres, with substantial pigmented lengths (means 20–40 mm) and intensely darkened, which related to the field records of black-grey pigmented skin spots. The amounts of dark pigmented fibres found in the processed top from affected fleeces ranged between 262 and 1293/kg. Based on these findings, sheep age is an important factor for inclusion in decision systems alerting wool buyers to the risk of hidden dark fibres. However, if adequate inspection of sheep during shearing is practical to isolate fleeces from sheep with black-grey pigmented skin spots in the fleece areas, then the risk level applied could be lowered or removed for the wool from the unaffected sheep.

Black-grey pigmented skin spots, some of which contained pigmented wool fibres, were observed in a flock of 8· 5-year-old white Merino ewes. The spots were concentrated along the backline and increased in number following shearing, suggesting exposure to sunlight to be of importance in the development of these non-congenital pigmented skin spots in genetically white Merino sheep. To test the effect of ultraviolet light, white Merino sheep, ranging in age from 3 to 8 years, had a closely clipped mid side area of wool-bearing skin irradiated on each of 28 consecutive days. Pigmented skin spots developed in 6 of the 16 white Merino sheep irradiated. Spots first appeared after 10 days of irradiation, the number subsequently increasing with time, and two skin spots were found to contain sparse numbers of blackgrey pigmented wool fibres. Histological examination showed both the naturally occurring and irradiationinduced pigmented skin spots resulted from an increase in both number and activity of melanocytes localized along the epidermal-dermal border of the epidermis. With time, the melanocytes were observed to have entered, to varying depths, the outer-root sheath of follicles still producing white wool fibres. These ultraviolet-light-induced changes to epidermal melanocytes in white Merino sheep presumably occur due to alterations within the local tissue environment in which the melanocytes lie.

Damara sheep have recently been imported to Australia and are being crossed with Merino ewes as a diversification from wool to fat tail sheep production for live sheep export or meat markets. A comparison was made of the lamb outputs from Merino ewes mated to 2 Merino rams and 2 Damara fat tail rams. There were more multiple litters produced in the matings with the Damara rams than from the Merino rams (P = 0.01). The 5-month weights of the crossbred lamb groups (36.3 and 38.9 kg) were higher (P<0.05) than the Merino groups (33.4 and 32.3 kg). Ram lambs were slaughtered at 7 months of age and the carcasses dissected into 'trim lamb' lean portions, fat trims, bone and other oddments. Dressing percentage at slaughter of the crossbred lambs was 3-4% higher (P<0.001), reflecting lower wool production, than the Merino lambs. After adjustment for chilled carcass weight, there were no differences (P>0.05) between rams for the total amount of lean meat. However, the crossbred groups had more external carcass fat (2.59 and 2.64 kg) than the Merino groups (2.14 and 2.15 kg) and, in addition, had fat tail weights of 0.52 and 0.36 kg.