LC is a poorly absorbed, well-tolerated, and efficient phosphate binder. LC-treated dialysis patients show almost no evolution toward low bone turnover over one year (unlike CC-treated patients), nor do they experience any aluminum-like effects on bone.
Objective. To assess the safety and effectiveness of leflunomide versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated for 6 months.Methods. Four hundred two patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or leflunomide at 5 mg, 10 mg, or 25 mg daily. A washout period of 6-12 weeks from prior second-line therapy was required.Results. Statistically significant improvement in primary and secondary outcome measures, as well as by responder analyses, occurred in the 10-mg and 25-mg dosage groups compared to placebo. Twenty-one patients (7.0%) in the active treatment groups withdrew due to adverse events (AEs). The incidence of AEs was higher with leflunomide than with placebo. Gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, allergic reactions, skin rash, and reversible alopecia were more common in the
A comparative study was carried out on the effect of molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) using concentrations of 1610 À 7 , 1610 À 5 , and 1610 À 3 mol dm À 3 , on the metabolism of nitrogen and proteins in young pea plants (Pisum sativum L.`NS Lim'). The highest concentrations of the investigated metals were noted to suppress the development of the aboveground parts and roots. The smallest inhibiting effect was observed in the presence of Ni, which at lowest concentration produced a stimulating effect; Pb and Cd had a similar effect. The most pronounced inhibition was caused by Mo, which decreased the growth of the roots and aboveground parts by 50% and 35%, respectively. An increase in concentration of heavy metals in the medium resulted in their increased JOURNAL accumulation in both the plant roots and aboveground parts. The largest accumulation in the aboveground parts was observed for Ni and Mo, followed by Cd, and least for Pb. Nitrate and protein metabolism decreased according to the order of Cd b Pb b Ni b Mo. However, when expressed per amount of heavy metal accumulated in particular plant parts, toxicity was in the order of Pb b Cd b Ni b Mo.
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