The effect of fluoride exposure during gestation and post gestation periods were studied to check the status of oxidant, antioxidant and macromolecular changes in CNS and ameliorative role of antioxidants. The pregnant Wistar albino rats were exposed to 50 and 150 ppm fluoride in drinking water and the pups born to them were used for experimentation. After postpartum, the pups were administered daily selected antioxidants through oral gavage. On 21st postnatal day pups were sacrificed and biochemical parameters were assessed. Fluoride exposure substantially increased the activity/levels of fluoride, LPO, protein oxidation, MAO-B, GOT, GPT and decreased protein thiols, RNA and total proteins in discrete regions of CNS. The findings evidenced fluoride induced dyshomeostasis caused on antioxidants, enzymes, macromolecules and governed the pathophysiological events leading to functional loss in a dose dependent manner. The administration of antioxidants remedied the disquiet caused by high fluoride exposure at extreme vulnerable periods of life.

Excessive intake of essential elements agitates elemental homeostasis resulting in their heterogeneous distribution. Distraction of these elements in central nervous system (CNS) have been demonstrated in many neurological disorders, which are vital in generating free radicals, causing oxidative stress, and contributing to neuronal maladies. The developing CNS is highly vulnerable to environmental agents, including fluoride. Fluorosis is one such disorder ensued from excessive consumption of fluoride containing water and/or foods that poses a greater threat to the life. Present study offers perturbations caused by fluoride toxicity on the level of biometal and antioxidant homeostasis and their interactions. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to 100- and 200-ppm fluoride (F(-)) in drinking water and controls with tap water. The pups born to them were used for the study. On 21st postnatal day, the concentration of fluoride, biometals, and oxidative stress markers were determined in discrete regions of CNS. The levels of fluoride, copper, and iron increased whereas manganese and zinc were decreased considerably. Among antioxidant enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased with regional alterations. The correlation coefficient values among oxidative stress markers and biometals were either positive or negative and showed less significance during correlation. The results confirm that the fluoride provoked oxidative stress and biometal deformations are synergistic that successively governs the neuronal damage and developing CNS no longer prevents exacerbations of fluoride.

Total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and alpha amylae inhibitory potential was determined for three selected medicinal plants-Gymnema sylvestre, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia. The plant extracts were prepared with methanol. The total phenolic content of methonolic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre, Terminalia arjuna and Tinospora cordifolia. were 6.862, 20.862 and 7.987 mg GAE/g plant material respectively. All the three plants showed anti oxidant activities with their IC 50 values were 6.862, 20.862 and 7.987 µg/ml compared to IC 50 value of the standard L-Ascorbic acid, which was 11.59µg/ml. The extracts of Gymnema sylvestre showed ±-amylase inhibition. Thus the results provided evidence that among the studied plants, Gymnema sylvestre potential sources of natural antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

The present study was conducted to establish the base line hematological values in Malnad Gidda cattle during winter and summer seasons under the agro-climatic condition of Western Ghats of Karnataka. Thirty healthy Malnad Gidda cattle divided into five groups based on age, sex and lactation. The mean values of TEC, Hb, PCV, ESR, TLC and eosinophil per cent were significantly (P>0.05) higher in adult animals than young animals in both sexes. But, MCV was significantly (P>0.05) higher in young compared to adult animals. The mean values of MCH, MCHC, neutrophil, basophil, monocyte and lymphocyte per cent did not vary significantly among the age groups and among the gender. The mean values of all the above parameters between sexes within age groups and between the seasons were not significantly different. The established hematological values in present study could be used as reference values in Malnad Gidda breed reared under similar climatic and environmental conditions.

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