Email Addresses of the corresponding authors: mohammad.naeem1@buitms.edu.pk and jtsi@st-andrews.ac.uk ABSTRACT Ba0.5Sr0.5Ce0.6Zr0.2Gd0.1Y0.1O3 -δ (BSCZGY) proton conducting electrolyte material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) has been synthesized by a sol-gel modified Pechini process and its sinterability, thermal expansion, microstructure, ionic conductivity and chemical stability have been investigated. Ionic conductivity at 700 ºC was measured to be ~ 8 x 10 -3 S cm -1 in wet 5 vol% H2/Ar atmospheres. Chemical stability test in pure CO2 up to 1200 ºC shows that the material is highly stable; better than the stability of BaZr0.3Ce0.5Y0.1Yb0.1O3 -δ.
Single phase polycrystalline BaZr0.3Ce0.5Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ electrolyte material was prepared by solid state reaction route. Rietveld analysis of the XRD data confirms the tetragonal symmetry in the I4/mcm space group with unit cell parameters of a = b = 6.0567(3) Å and c = 8.5831(5) Å. The addition of ZnO as a sintering additive was found to reduce the sintering temperature and enhance both overall sinterability and grain growth. Sintering temperature was reduced by 200-300ºC and a very high relative density of about 98% was achieved at 1400 o C. Impedance spectroscopy in humidified 5% H2/Ar atmosphere shows that the protonic conductivity at 600 o C was 8.60 x 10-3 S cm-1. Thermal analysis performed in pure CO2 atmosphere shows very good chemical stability up to 1200 o C. Good biaxial flexure strength of 100-200 MPa was reported which makes this material a promising electrolyte material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs).
Purpose: This Study aims to investigate the impact of foreign debt on the economic growth of Pakistan by categorizing the foreign debt into two different factors: IMF debt and non-IMF debt. Design/Methodology/Approach: The secondary data was taken quarterly from the State Bank of Pakistan for the period 2010 to 2021, and Johansen cointegration analysis and the Vector error correction model were used to study the relationship. Findings: The study's findings revealed that the IMF debt is significantly positive in the short run, while non-IMF foreign debt has an insignificant relationship with economic growth. Moreover, short-run results also found an insignificant relationship between foreign debt servicing and inflation rate and economic growth. On the other hand, in the long run, the relationship between IMF debt, foreign debt servicing, and the inflation rate were found to be significantly negative with the economic growth, whereas a significant positive relationship was identified between the non-IMF foreign debt and the economic growth. Implications/Originality/Value: The study concluded that the authorities should avoid foreign debt from IMF and rely upon non-IMF foreign debt if ever financing through foreign debt is needed. Even though the non-IMF foreign debt has a positive impact on the economic growth in the long, this positive effect is counter-negated by the cost of foreign debt, which is the foreign debt servicing, due to its significant negative impact on the economic growth of Pakistan.
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