FOREWORDAn extensive Round Robin test programme on compressive softening was carried out by the RILEM Technical Committee 148-SSC "Test methods for the Strain Softening response of Concrete". The goal was to develop a reliable standard test method for measuring strain softening of concrete under uniaxiat compression. The main variables in the test programme were the specimen slenderness hid and the boundary restraint caused by the loading platen used in the experiments. Both high friction and low friction loading systems were applied. Besides these main variables, which are both related to the experimental environment under which softening is measured, two different concretes were tested: a normal strength concrete of approximately 45 MPa and a higher strength concrete of approximately 75MPa. In addition to the prescribed test variables, due to individual initiatives, the Round Robin also provided information on the effect of specimen shape and size. The experiments revealed that under low boundary friction a constant compressive strength is measured irrespective of the specimen slenderness. For high friction loading systems (plain steel loading platen), an increase of specimen strength is found with decreasing slenderness. However, for slenderness greater than 2 (and up to 4), a constant strength was measured. The shape of the stress-strain curves was very consistent, in spite of the fact that each labora-tory cast its own specimens following a prescribed recipe. The pre-peak behaviour was found to be independent of specimen slenderness when low friction loading platens were used. However, for all loading systems a strong increase of (post-peak) ductility was found with decreasing specimen slenderness. Analysis of the results, and comparison with data from literature, showed that irrespective of the loading system used, a perfeet localization of deformations occured in the post-peak regime, which was first recognised by Van Mier in a series of uniaxial compression tests on concrete between brushes in 1984.Based on the results of the Round Robin, a draft recommendation will be made for a test procedure to measure strain softening of concrete under uniaxial compression. Although the post-peak stress-strain behaviour seems to be a mixture of material and structural behaviour, it appears that a test on either prismatic or cylindrical specimens of slenderness hid = 2, loaded between low friction boundaries (for example by inserting sheets of teflon between the steel loading platen and the specimen), yield.; reproducible results with relatively low scatter. For normal strength concrete, the closed-loop test can be controlled by using I the axial platen-to-platen deformation as a feed-back signal, ] whereas for high-strength concrete either a combination of axial] and lateral deformation should be used, or a combination of] axial deformation and axial load.

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The work described in the present article focuses on investigating the effect of the rate of applied loading on various aspects of structural response (i.e. load-carrying capacity, deformation profile, crack formation and propagation, and mode of failure) exhibited by reinforced concrete beams when subjected to high rates of concentrated loading (usually associated with contact, impact and ballistic problems). For the purpose of the numerical investigation, a finite-element model suitable for both static and dynamic three-dimensional non-linear finite element analyses is employed. The proposed package, which has already been found to yield close predictions of the behaviour of a wide-range of structural concrete configurations under arbitrary loading ranging from static to seismic, is now also found to provide a realistic prediction of structural response under the high-rate dynamic actions investigated in the present work. Such an agreement between numerical predictions and experimental results is considered as evidence of the validity of the proposed model and the philosophy upon which it is based.

The natural response of a beam or pile having only a portion of its span supported by an elastic foundation is investigated for the two cases when both ends are either simply supported or free. The derivation of the shape functions and the computed natural frequencies are compared with the extreme cases where the element is either completely supported by, or fully detached from, the elastic foundation.

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This paper reopens the question concerning the contribution of dowel action to the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams. First, a literature survey on the subject reveals that, despite the implicit belief in much of the current design thinking that dowel action can play a significant role in the mechanism through which shear is carried in a beam, opinion on the matter is divided and often contradictory. Secondly, a programme of beam tests in which the total amount of main steel remains constant but the number of bars (and hence their diameter) is varied is reported, the results showing that the bar diameter has no effect on the load-carrying capacity of the members, suggesting, therefore, that dowel action is unlikely to be a significant factor in the internal load-transfer mechanism leading to final collapse. Faunally, these experimental findings are confirmed by an established finite-element package which faithfully reproduced the experimental results, on the basis that the numerical model makes no allowances for the so-called dowel-action effect.

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