The majority of old and long-to-root roses are enough frost resistant to grow on their own roots in moderate and coolclimates. The most often used method of rose propagation are single node stem cuttings derived from blooming shoots. Thelong duration of rhizogenesis exposes cuttings to stress conditions and precocious ageing processes, which result in a lowrooting percentage. It was hypothesized that in the short season of flowering the amount of nutrients in shoots of stock plantschanges, thus affecting the process of rhizogenesis, as well as a condition of rooted cuttings, which may be estimated by thecontents of the biologically active components. The shoots of four rose cultivars were cut in four phenological stages: flowerbuds closed, flowers opened, just after petal shedding and 7-14 days after petal fall. The rooting percentage were counted after10 weeks of rooting. The evaluation of plant material were carried out before and after rooting, including: soluble proteins,chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, polyphenolic acids, reducing and total soluble carbohydrates. The research revealedvariability, characteristic for each examined cultivar, in the contents of the biologically active compounds, both before and afterrooting, in cuttings harvested from stock plants in successive phases of development. Decrease in pigment contents in leaves ofrooted cuttings may suggest a progressing senescence, both during propagation and later in a vegetative season. The cuttings of‘Mousseuse Rouge’ rooted similarly when harvested in each of the phenological phases (53.8-67.5%). For other cultivars thehighest rooting percentage was obtained for cuttings harvested from shoots with closed flower buds: (‘Hurdals’ 47.5%,‘Maiden’s Blush’ 55.0%, ‘Semiplena’ 67.5%). In these cultivars a relationship between rooting percentage and changes in thecontents of pigments, sugars or/and polyphenolic acids in successive phenological phases was shown.

Popularisation of historical rose cultivars is important for overall increase of biodiversity within currently available assortment, however their vegetative propagation is rather difficult. Possible scenario behind it is that commonly used one-bud leafy cuttings have limited storage capacity due to the small size of the stem. We hypothesised that the treatment of cuttings this rose with rooting preparations would positively affect on the condition of their leaves. We tested the effect of preparations based on seaweed extracts (Bio Rhizotonic, Root Juice, Bio Roots) as well as commonly used root stimulants (Ukorzeniacz A aqua and Ukorzeniacz B aqua containing 0,4% IBA or 0,2% NAA respectively) on the viability potential of the Rosa 'Duchesse d'Angoulême' cuttings. We have monitored the senescence process in leaves by the total soluble protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid content measurements. In order to test the potential effect of the mother plant and timing of shoots acquirement cuttings for the experiment were taken from mother plants at four different maturity stages (flower buds closed; all flowers open; just after petal fall and 7-14 days after petal fall). As expected the amount of the measured components in mother plants varied in individual phases of shoot maturity. This feature influenced the positive effect of rooting stimulants on cuttings viability. The most striking effects were in rooted cuttings derived from shoots collected just after flower petal fall. Observed increase in soluble protein and chlorophyll content did not correlate however with the percentage of obtained rooted cuttings. Based on that we can speculate that the biological basis of observed positive effect of natural rooting preparations on the 'Duchesse d'Angoulême' rose is complex and does not rely on the delay or inhibition of senescence process.

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<em>Rosa gallica</em> is a native species under strict protection and its cultivars are practically unknown in Poland. The aim of the observations was to evaluate the possibilities of growing the studied cultivars in the climate of Central Poland. In the years 2000–2012, observations were conducted of shrubs derived from the French rose (<em>R. gallica</em> L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Cultivars of the PAS Botanical Garden CBDC in Powsin, Poland. 13 cultivars were studied: ‘Ambroise Paré’, ‘Belle Herminie’, ‘Camaïeux’, ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’, ‘Charles de Mills’, ‘Complicata’, ‘Duchesse d’Angoulême’, ‘Duchesse de Montebello’, ‘Officinalis’, ‘Splendens’, ‘Tuscany Superb’, ‘Versicolor’, and ‘Violacea’. Every year, frost damage to shrubs, the date of bud breaking and leaf development as well as the dates of initial, full and final flowering were recorded and the presence of symptoms of damage from diseases was observed. During the observation years, periods of weather conditions unfavorable for roses often occurred, both in autumn-winter-spring and in summer. Only small differences were observed in winter hardiness, development during the growing season, and blooming period. The majority of the studied rose cultivars overwinter without frost damage, even through severe winters. The shrubs begin their growth late, usually until the second half of April. Gallicas start flowering early, in the third decade of May – first decade of June. Most Gallicas should find a wider application as shrubs or hedges for parks, green areas in cities, historical places, or home gardens. They are recommendable for their high resistance to frost and diseases as well as for their small size.

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The research was conducted on five once-blooming different origin historical roses. The aims were establishing differences in the anatomical structure of shoots taken in four maturity stages and their natural ability to roots creating. There were hypothesized, that the changes in anatomical structure occur in the time of flowering and may affect the ability of rhizogenesis. Single node one leaf cuttings of chosen cultivars were cut from shoots in four maturity phases: flower buds closed, all flowers open, just after and 7-14 days after petal fall. The cuttings were planted in multipot trays in peat substrate without using rooting stimulators. The anatomical structure of shoots in the place of rhizogenesis were observed, the width of xylem layer and cambial zone, diameter of vascular cells were measured. The percentage of rooted cuttings and forming only a callus were counted. Adventitious roots appeared probably in the cambium zone, pith rays, and also in the zone of phloem and pericycle. The anatomic structure of shoots changes during the period of flowering and influences rooting percentage and the percent of cuttings which developed callus only. The width of the cambium layer of shoots influences the width of the wood layer in all cultivars. The rise of width of cambium tissue have an effect of increase of percentage of cuttings forming a callus only in 'Hurdals' and 'Maiden's Blush'. The width of the cambium layer in shoots enlarges during full blooming in four of the studied cultivars ('Hurdals', 'Maiden's Blush', 'Mousseuse Rouge', 'Semiplena') and in one it stays at the same level for the whole duration of the experiment ('Duchesse d'Angoulême'). The specifying in practice the period of taking rose cuttings, individual properties of cultivars and phenological phase of shoot should be taken into consideration.

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