Evaluation of growth and flowering of historical cultivars of Rosa gallica L. growing in the National Collection of Rose Cultivars in the Polish Academy Of Science Botanical Garden in Powsin

Abstract

<em>Rosa gallica</em> is a native species under strict protection and its cultivars are practically unknown in Poland. The aim of the observations was to evaluate the possibilities of growing the studied cultivars in the climate of Central Poland. In the years 2000–2012, observations were conducted of shrubs derived from the French rose (<em>R. gallica</em> L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Cultivars of the PAS Botanical Garden CBDC in Powsin, Poland. 13 cultivars were studied: ‘Ambroise Paré’, ‘Belle Herminie’, ‘Camaïeux’, ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’, ‘Charles de Mills’, ‘Complicata’, ‘Duchesse d’Angoulême’, ‘Duchesse de Montebello’, ‘Officinalis’, ‘Splendens’, ‘Tuscany Superb’, ‘Versicolor’, and ‘Violacea’. Every year, frost damage to shrubs, the date of bud breaking and leaf development as well as the dates of initial, full and final flowering were recorded and the presence of symptoms of damage from diseases was observed. During the observation years, periods of weather conditions unfavorable for roses often occurred, both in autumn-winter-spring and in summer. Only small differences were observed in winter hardiness, development during the growing season, and blooming period. The majority of the studied rose cultivars overwinter without frost damage, even through severe winters. The shrubs begin their growth late, usually until the second half of April. Gallicas start flowering early, in the third decade of May – first decade of June. Most Gallicas should find a wider application as shrubs or hedges for parks, green areas in cities, historical places, or home gardens. They are recommendable for their high resistance to frost and diseases as well as for their small size.

The Impact of Seasonal Changes in Plant Tissue on Rhizogenesis of Stem Cuttings of Once Blooming Roses

“…The various period of blooming time characterize many of the once flowering roses (Monder, 2007;Monder, 2014). In this research, the content of the basic biologically active compounds (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total protein, carbohydrates in leaves and shoots, and polyphenolic acids) in following phenological phases were determining the condition of rooted cuttings four rose cultivars and was showed to change dynamically during the time of blooming, within 15-34 days ('Hurdals' 15 days, 'Maiden's Blush' 28 days, 'Mousseuse Rouge' 34 days, 'Semiplena' 22 days).…”

“…However, the studied cultivars bloom once a year, for 2-3 weeks (Monder, 2007(Monder, , 2014. From the practical point of view, determining a possibility to root cuttings made from shoots in different phenological phases and choosing an optimal phase for rhizogenesis would improve efficiency of rose propagation and facilitate the work organization in a nursery.…”

“…Historical roses of various origin are characterized by different flowering periods (Pihlajaniemi et al, 2005;Monder, 2007;Monder, 2014), but -both in practice and research -a date and a shoot developmental phase at the moment of cuttings' harvest is rarely considered Pihlajaniemi et al, 2005). The process of rhizogenesis of historical roses by cuttings is considered to be rather long (10-12 weeks) and rooted cuttings are often of poor quality (Moroz, 2006;Monder et al, 2014;Nasri et al, 2015), especially when compared with modern roses, in which rhizogenesis lasts 4-6 weeks on the average (Costa et al, 2007;Pietrakowski, 2006;Wiśniewska-Grzeszkiewicz and Podwyszyńska, 2001).…”

Effect of Anatomical Structure of Shoots in Different Flowering Phase on Rhizogenesis of Once-blooming Roses

“…The use of natural predisposition of plants, in this case for the onceblooming roses the selection the shoots characterized favourable and possibly appropriate anatomically structure in different maturity phase, can be recognized as environmentally friendly method. The short period of flowering is typically for once-blooming roses including many historical cultivars (Monder, 2007(Monder, , 2012(Monder, , 2014.…”

“…The high vitality and frost resistance of historical roses indicate on possibility their cultivation on own roots and economically favourable methods of propagation by stem cuttings. However, the cuttings of historical roses rooted in long period of time (Moroz 2006;Monder at al., 2014;Monder et al, 2016), whereas the efficiency of rooting and quality of a cutting is an integral production factor (Blythe et al 2007). In nursery practice, the cuttings are cut from flowering shots in various terms without differentiation of phenology phase.…”