Studies on nesting behaviour of turtles provide the most important information on their reproduction by providing estimates of female population size. Kosgoda, located in the southwest coast of Sri Lanka, has a year-round nesting rookery which is visited by five species of sea turtles, the green turtle being the most frequent visitor. Nesting behaviour of the female green turtle was studied at the Kosgoda rookery during a five-year period from August 2003 to July 2008. A total of 1,492 nests of the green turtle were recorded with a mean of 298.4 annual nests. Nesting took place year round, with 66 % of nesting recorded during February to June. The highest and the lowest number of nests were recorded in April and November, respectively. The average clutch size of a female green turtle was 111.5 and the clutch frequency was 2.17. The average annual nesting abundance in the study area was 138.28. Of the 2,297 nesting attempts, 805 were false crawls accounting for a nesting success of 65%. Females nesting at Kosgoda showed nest site fidelity. More than half of the females (54.3%) nested in the same beach twice or more (mean 2.17) during the same nesting season. The highest number of re-nesting recorded was ten and the mean inter-nesting interval was 13.5 days. Of the 519 individuals tagged during the study period, 56 re-visited the same beach for nesting during the subsequent nesting seasons with a mean re-migration interval of 2.56 years. One female visited the same beach three times for nesting during the study period (after 2.67 years and then after 1.83 years). The nesting behaviour of the green turtle at Kosgoda rookery was similar to those at Rekawa, the largest rookery in Sri Lanka, located in the southern coast 130 km away from Kosgoda. Rekawa beach was declared a sea turtle sanctuary in 2006. This study shows that Kosgoda beach also provides a significant nesting site for the green turtle and highlights the need to declare it as a sanctuary.
Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new pest in Indonesia that attacks corn plants. S. frugiperda larvae damage by eating the leaves to the growing point which can result in yield loss from 55 to 100%. This pest reportedly attacked corn plantations at the beginning of 2019 then spread almost throughout Indonesia. This study aims to study the distribution and population dynamic of S. frugiperda in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Preliminary research was conducted in Sleman and Bantul regency covering all district in these areas, then the research was continued in six corn fields in Bantul regency (Kasihan, Pajangan, Sedayu) district. The result show that the S. frugiperda has been spread throughout Bantul and Sleman District. The populations of S. frugiperda are different in each location, the density of each larvae ranged from 0-1 larvae per plant. Larvae population increased by increasing the age of plants. Mortality of S. frugiperda larvae found in the field was relatively low. Mortality is caused by fungal infections, entomopathogenic bacteria, parasitoid insect Tachinidae sp.1 and predatory insects Coccinella transversalis. The population rate was influenced by the internal factors of S. frugiperda itself that is the life cycle.
tt fi n g a tt K o s g o d a R o o k e r y , S r fi L a n k a E .M . L . E k a n a y a k e , T . K a p u r u s fi n g h e , M .M . S am a n , D . S . R a tt h n a k um a r a , P . S am a r aw e e r a & R . S . R a j a k a r u n a 2 6 J u n e 2 0 1 7 | V o l . 9 | N o . 6 | P p . 1 0 2 6 1 -1 0 2 6 8 1 0 . 1 1 6 0 9 / j o tt . 2 7 9 7 . 9 . 6 . 1 0 2 6 1 -1 0 2 6 8 T h r e a tt e n e d T a x a T h e J o u r n a l o f T h r e a tt e n e d T a x a fi s d e d fi c a tt e d tt o b u fi l d fi n g e v fi d e n c e f o r c o n s e r v a fi o n g l o b a l l y b y p u b l fi s h fi n g p e e r -r e v fi ew e d a r fi c l e s o n l fi n e e v e r y m o n tt h a tt a r e a s o n a b l y r a p fi d r a tt e a tt www . tt h r e a tt e n e d tt a x a . o r g. A l l a r fi c l e s p u b l fi s h e d fi n J o T T a r e r e g fi s tt e r e d u n d e r C r e a fi v e C omm o n s A tt r fi b u fi o n 4 . 0 I n tt e r n a fi o n a l L fi c e n s e u n l e s s o tt h e rw fi s e m e n fi o n e d . J o T T a l l ow s u n r e s tt r fi c tt e d u s e o f a r fi c l e s fi n a n y m e d fi um , r e p r o d u c fi o n , a n d d fi s tt r fi b u fi o n b y p r o v fi d fi n g a d e q u a tt e c r e d fi tt tt o tt h e a u tt h o r s a n d tt h e s o u r c e o f p u b l fi c a fi o n .O P E N A C C E S S P a r tt n e r www . tt h r e a tt e n e d tt a x a . o r g I S S N 0 9 7 4 -7 9 0 7 ( O n l fi n e ) | I S S N 0 9 7 4 -7 8 9 3 ( P r fi n tt ) Competing interests:The authors declare no competing interests.Author Details: see end of this article.Author Contribution: EMLE: Acquired and analyzed data and wrote the manuscript; TK: Supervised the data collection in the field; MMS and DSR: Collected data and samples from the field; PS: Contributed to study design and interpretation of data, supervised DNA work; RSR: Developed the concept, supervised the lab work and interpretation of data, edited and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements:We thank the Turtle Conservation Project (TCP) staff for their technical support and the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Sri Lanka for granting permission to carry out this study, Nancy FitzSimmons and M.P. Jensen for their valuable advice and guidance during the study, and Andrea Phillott for editing the manuscript. We also thank the National Science Abstract: We determined the genetic diversity of the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas (Linneaus, 1758) nesting at Kosgoda rookery, the second largest sea turtle aggregation on the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Skin tissue samples were collected from 68 nesting females and genetic diversity was estimated using six microsatellite loci. High genetic diversity was observed within the population as all loci analyzed were highly polymorphic with a total of 149 alleles observed. The mean number of alleles per locus was 24.7 and the mean observed and expected heterozygosity across all loci were 0.75 and 0.93, respectively. It appears that five...
Reproductive output provides data fundamental to the conservation and management of sea turtles. Five years of data on the reproductive output of female green turtles was collected from Kosgoda beach, the second largest sea turtle rookery in Sri Lanka. Egg size, clutch size, clutch frequency, female size, hatchling size, hatching success, nest depth, and incubation duration were recorded. A total of 1,492 nests comprising 166,358 eggs were laid by 575 nesting females during the study period. Larger females had a higher reproductive output, laying larger eggs, bigger clutches, and producing a greater number of eggs in total for a season. There was no relationship between clutch size and egg size, and the hatchling size did not depend on the egg size or the female size. The mean hatching success was 77.3% and the mean incubation duration was 50.6 days. Clutch size, egg size, female body size, and nest depth had no effect on hatching success of the green turtles nests laid at Kosgoda rookery. Even though the size of the nesting turtles and clutch size were similar to other green turtle populations, the reproductive output and clutch frequency of green turtle females nesting at Kosgoda rookery were low compared to the population at Rekawa beach in southern Sri Lanka and other green turtle populations worldwide. The shorter stretch of beach (1 km) used to collect data may be a reason for this difference, precluding observation of re-nesting efforts by the female turtles.
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