FIELD TRAILS were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station (El-Hamrawy Farm), Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate in salt affected soils. Growth cycle included rice and wheat. Rice was applied for three successive seasons (2013-2013/2014 and 2014).The soil was treated with gypsum, mole drain, farmyard manure and biofertilizer combined with different sources of nitrogen (urea, ammonia gas and ammonium sulphate). The highest rates of salt leaching were achieved with the application of gypsum combined with the injection of ammonia gas followed by the application of gypsum plus urea or gypsum plus urea and biofertilizer. The soil sodicity decreased after three seasons with all treatments combined with different nitrogen sources. Application of gypsum combined with the construction of mole drain at 4 m spacing, ammonia gas, farmyard manure and biofertilizer had the highest value of infiltration rate at the end of the growth cycle compared with the values before starting the experiment, while the application of gypsum plus biofertilizer and urea produced the lowest infiltration rate. The bulk density and total porosity were positively affected by the application of gypsum, mole drain combined with ammonia gas, farmyard manure and biofertilizer. The application of gypsum plus farmyard manure and ammonia gas or mole drain at 4 m spacing combined with biofertilizer, farmyard manure and ammonia gas increased the yield and irrigation water use efficiency of rice and wheat.

Two field experiments were conducted during the two consecutive growing seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 at Sakha Agriculture Research Station Farm, Kafr EL-sheikh governorate. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of three irrigation discharge rates (2.5, 3.5 and 4 L.sec-1 m-1) and three cutoff irrigations (100%, 90% and 85% from border length), which were randomly arranged under each irrigation discharge on wheat yield and its components, some water relations, irrigation efficiencies and the contribution of ground water table. The results revealed that the combination of irrigation discharge 4 L sec-1 m-1 and cutoff irrigation at 85% of border length achieved the lowest values of seasonal applied water and water consumptive use and the highest values of following parameters ; crop water use efficiency (CWUE), Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), water consumptive use efficiency (Ecu, %), water application efficiency (EI, %), Grain and straw yields, NPuptake and crude protein and ground water contribution (Gwc, %). Moreover, it increased the amount and percentage of water saving 242.34 m3 fed-1 (about 9.60%), total income, net income, and net income per water unit for both wheat grain and biological yields. Also, the economic efficiency, during both seasons. On the other hand, the highest values of water distribution efficiency (Ewd, %) have resulted from the combination of irrigation discharge rates (4 or 3.5 L sec-1 m-1) and cutoff irrigation at 100% of border length. It could be concluded that the combination of irrigation discharge 4 L sec-1 m-1 and cutoff irrigation at 85% of border length was the most profitable for irrigated wheat crop, as well as, the benefit of contributing ground water table in saving some of water requirements for the crop, ground water table contribution of great importance as an additional source of irrigation water, especially under the prevailing conditions of water shortage in Egypt.

A surface drip irrigation using a single lateral (SSDI) or double laterals/plant row (DSDI) , subsurface drip irrigation using single lateral (SSSDI) or double laterals/plant row (DSSDI), gated pipes (GP) and traditional surface irrigation (TSI) were applied with maize (Single Cross,10) during the summer season 2007 at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm , Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt in order to study the effects of these irrigation systems on maize yield and water use efficiency. Both drip irrigation systems included 16 mm diameter drip-lines, with emitters discharging about 2L/h and spacing 0.5 m. The subsurface drip irrigation system was installed before the crop seeding, where its laterals (16 mm drip-lines), were buried 0.6 m apart at 15cm below soil surface so that they are not affected by the cultivation practices during the current growing season . The aluminum gated pipes (150 mm diameter) were located at the head of the irrigated field and connected directly with the irrigation pump. The experimental layout of irrigation systems included six replications for each of the six irrigation systems .The design of this experiment is randomized complete blocks(RCB).Water applied was obviously affected by irrigation systems . The DSSDI system was more effective since it received the lowest depth of irrigation water (55.7 cm.) followed by SSSDI (58.7 cm) and DSSDI system (60.1 cm). On the other hand, TSI system received the highest amount of irrigation water (79.4 cm) followed by GP system (72.2 cm). From the statistical analysis of the harvested maize yields, it has been found that their values are significantly different for all irrigation systems. Maize yields are high for GP and SSSDI irrigation systems and varied between 26.6 to 23.85 ardab /fed. for both systems, respectively. On the other hand , the grain yields are low with SSDI and DSSDI systems which varied between 20.14 and 19.04 ardab /fed. for both systems, respectively. The straw yield took the same trend that is found with the grain yield. Water use efficiencies expressing the maize yield per m 3 water applied ranged from 0.96 to 1.355 kg/m 3 water for TSI and SSSDI systems, respectively. The effect of different irrigation systems on water use efficiency took the following descending order: SSSDI > GT >DSDI >DSSDI > SSDI >TSI systems. Approximately, the same trend was found with irrigation water use efficiency which related to both grain yield and total water consumptive use.

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A FIELD study was conducted in clay soil at Sakha farm, Kafr EL-Sheikh governorate in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of level border irrigation system using (100m length and 7m width and 0.1% slope) under different irrigation water discharge (2.5, 3.5 and 4 L sec-1 m-1) and cutoff irrigation (100, 90 and 85% of border length) on the infiltration characteristics, intake family and some irrigation parameters under post irrigation of wheat crop. The most important results include that, the irrigation at 4L/sec./m greatly affected the basic infiltration rate and cumulative infiltrated depth. Intake rates were decreased under water discharge and cutoff irrigation conditions in both seasons. The irrigation discharge at 4L/sec./m combined with cutoff at 85% of border length, the designed inflow time, deep percolation and runoff values were decreased, while water application efficiency was increased. The design ratio of inflow time to advance time is more than 2, meanwhile, the application time increased over the advance time, in this case the design is acceptable in clay soil. The measured irrigation stream was more than the design one, this caused increasing the amount of water applied. The design advance, recession and opportunity intake time were more than the measured one.It can be concluded that the design of border irrigation under different irrigation discharge and cutoff irrigation is reasonably efficient and values of different parameters fall within all the design limitations.

This investigation was conducted in plastic greenhouses at Sakha Agricultural Research Station to study the effect of different cultivation media, irrigation water sources and organic manure levels on fresh yield of cucumber and tomato and NPK contents of leaves and C/N ratio of rice bales .Split-split plot design with four replicates was used. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: 1. Fresh yield of cucumber grown on rice straw bales was increased significantly compared to clay soil, while tomato fresh yield grown on clay soil was higher than that grown on rice straw bales. 2. Fresh yield of either cucumber or tomato was decreased significantly with irrigation by well water or blended fresh with well water compared to fresh water. 3. Addition 20 ton of organic manure /fed. gave the highest fresh yield of cucumber or tomato, while zero level leads to achieve the lowest yield. 4. N and P contents of cucumber leaves were higher under cultivation on clay soil than rice straw bales, while the K took the opposite trend. Concerning the irrigation water sources, the contents of these elements were higher with fresh water than blended and well water, as well as, addition 20 ton organic manure /fed led to achieve the highest values of NPK content of cucumber and tomato leaves compared to other levels...

The objective of evaluating surface irrigation systems is to identify management practices and system configurations that can be feasibly and effectively implemented to improve the irrigation efficiency.Two field experiments were conducted at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr Elshiekh Governorate during two successive summer seasons (2006 and 2007) to study the evaluation of surge, alternative and continuous flow in furrow irrigation with cotton crop. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used and the irrigation treatments were as follows; surge flow with cycle ratio 0.5 (5 min. on and 5 min. off or 10 min. on and 10 min. off), surge flow with cycle ratio 0.66 (10 min. on and 5 min. off or 20 min. on and 10 min. off), surge flow with cycle ratio 0.75 (15 min. on and 5 min. off or 30 min. on and 10 min. off), alternative furrow irrigation and continuous flow.The results indicated that the performance of the system during the evaluation was acceptable in case of surge flow at 0.75 cycle ratio with 30 min. on and 10 min. off in the two growing seasons. In case of continuous flow, the performance of the system was poor since about 48 percent of all water applied was lost from the field as runoff or deep percolation.

The present study was carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Governorate during the two successive seasons 2006 and 2007 to investigate the effect of three irrigation intervals i.e. one, two and three weeks on the productivity and some water relations of sunflower. A slit plot design with three replicates was used. The main plots were assigned to the irrigation intervals, while the sub-plot were devoted to irrigation levels i.e. irrigation till field capacity plus 10%. In addition, three other levels based on Ibrahim, Hargareves and FAO Peman-Monteith equations. Results could be summarized as follows:Irrigation every 7 days significantly increased stem and head diameter, the weight of 100 seed, oil content and seed yield. Irrigation according to Ibrahim equation was superior in stem and head diameter, oil content and seed yield. Irrigation every one week according to Ibrahim equation was resulted in the highest seed yield of s1348.53 kg/fed. (mean of 2 season).