ighty growing buffalo calves, 14-16 months old, with an average weight of 202 kg, were divided, randomly, into four equal experimental groups, (20 calves each), and used to investigate the effect of replacing 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of soybean and yellow corn by dried distiller's grains with soluble (DDGS) in total mixed rations (TMR) (1,2,3 and 4, respectively). The experimental diets were nearly similar in crude protein (CP) (iso-nitrogenous) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) (iso-caloric). All animals were fed daily 3% of live body weight and the trial lasted for 180 days. Metabolism trials were carried out on three mature rams for each TMR to estimate nutrient digestibilities, nutritive values and nitrogen balance. The economic efficiency was also calculated. Significantly lower values of live body weight and daily gain were recorded for calves fed the control diet (TMRI). Significantly best values were achieved by calves fed the 30% followed by 20% dietary DDGS instead of soybean meal and yellow corn. Results of digestibility trials indicated that rams fed the control diet (TMRI) had significantly (P<0.05) lower digestibility coefficients, nutritive values and nitrogen utilization compared with other diets. No significant differences were observed (P<0.05) among the experimental groups in ruminal pH and the obtained values were within the normal ranges (6.70-6.84). Ammonia-N concentration was greater in control diet but, there was a linear decrease in ammonia-N concentration as the level of DDGS increased in the diets. Supplemented rations with DDGS showed significant increase in the level of TVFA's. Increasing level of DDGS in diets of calves' increased TP concentrations, being the lowest in TMRI (control), while albumin and globulin recorded insignificant differences among all diets. The values of AST were higher significantly (P<0.05) in rations containing DDGS than that of control. Values of serum-creatinine and cholesterol were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood parameters studied indicated normal physiological and healthy status of all experimental calves. Total body gain and daily gain were increased quadratically (P<0.05) with increasing DDGS replacement. Calves fed diets containing 20% or 30% DDGS recorded the best feed conversion values followed by 20% DDGS. It may be concluded that inclusion of DDGS with a rate of 30% from soybean meal and yellow corn in buffalo calves diet result in better net revenue, economical efficiency and feed cost per kg daily gain.

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) inclusion in lamb fattening diets replacing (partially or totally) soybean meal (SBM) as a protein source and corn as an energy source on growth performance, digestibility, rumen liquor traits, some blood plasma constituents, and economic efficiency. Twenty ¾ Romanov × ¼ Rahmani male lambs at about three months of age were divided randomly into four experimental groups with average live weight (17.7 ± 0.7 kg). Each lamb's group was randomly assigned for one of four experimental diets and was fed in group feeding in mash form. The complete diets comprised 40% clover hay (CH) and 60% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) containing 0% DDGS (T1, control), 10% DDGS (T2), 15% DDGS (T3) or 20% DDGS (T4). The main results showed that the DDGS contained 29% CP, 10% EE, 10% CF, 46% NFE ,5% ash, 18% ADF, 44% NDF, 26% hemi-cellulose, 14% cellulose, 4.1% ADL and 12% NFC. All the total mixed diets had nearly equal values for chemical nutrients except that of NFE content. The inclusion of DDGS in lamb's diets at 10, 15 and 20% resulted in better digestion coefficients of all nutrients and nutritive value as TDN and DCP% in comparison with the control group. The same trend was found also in the concentrations of energy (DE, ME and NE Mcal /kg). Ruminal pH values and NH3-N were slightly changed among treatments. However, VFA's concentrations (meq/100ml) was gradually increased (P≥0.05) with elevating the DDGS level in the diets. The lambs of T1 and T2 recorded nearly similar values of average daily gain; ADG (163.1 and 161.3g), however, those of T3 and T4 had higher ADG (181.0 and 192.0g) than the control by about 11.0 and 17.7%, respectively. The intake of TDN and DCP were gradually increased with elevating DDGS level in the diet from 0 up to 20%. The DDGS inclusion in lamb diets did not show positive effects concerning feed conversion as g TDN or g DCP/g gain, meanwhile, the lambs of T3 and T4 recorded better values of DM conversion than the control (T1) by about 7.1 and 9.8%, respectively. Economic efficiency was gradually improved with elevating DDGS level in the diet where it was better for T2, T3 and T4 groups than the control (T1) by about 11.0, 34.6 and 45.6%, respectively. It may be concluded that in general, the inclusion of DDGS instead of corn and SBM at any level resulted in better performance, feed utilization and economic efficiency.

rickly pear peels (PPPs) was evaluated for their chemical and nutritional composition as a natural feed resource for feeding ruminants in two experiments. Each experiment consisted of three rations. Concentrate feed mixture (CFM), berseem hay (BH), rice straw (RS) and PPPs were used for formulating the experimental rations (60% concentrate + 40% roughage). In the first experiment 25% or 50% of RS were replaced by PPPs. In the second experiment, the inclusion rates of PPPs were instead of 25% or 50% BH. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility using DAISY II incubator were used for nutritive value prediction. The results indicated that PPPs had lower contents of CP (5.67%) and CF (10.63%) while; it had higher values of NFE (69.59%) and NSC (66.56%) when compared with other ingredients used. Prickly pear peels had the lowest values of NDF (13.67%); ADF (10.20%), ADL (2.49%), hemicellulose (3.47%) and lignin (0.74%) when compared with other ingredients, but had higher NDF-cell soluble (86.33%). The highest values of apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) and true dry matter digestibility (TDMD) were recorded with PPPs (90.22% and 91.46%), respectively when compared with other ingredients. The natural detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) was higher than that in RS and CFM while, it is lower than that in BH. The prediction parameters of nutritive values from chemical analysis for TDN% and NEL, ME, NEM, NEG, and DE (Mcal /Lb of DM) of PPPs were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other ingredients and followed by CFM. The lowest values were recorded with BH and RS. Ration (3) in which PPPs replaced 50% of RS recorded the best values of NFE and NCF, but lowest values of ash and CF when compared with control ration and ration 25% RS with PPPs. Ration 3 had the lowest values of NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, followed by ration (2). The highest values were recorded with control ration. The highest increase value of NDF-cell soluble (17.45%) was recorded with ration (3) while, the increase in ration (2) reached 9.21% when compared with control ration. The effect of inclusion different levels of PPPs instead of the same levels of RS showed significant (<0.05) increase of ADMD% with ration (3) followed by ration (2) while TDMD% was not significantly influenced by inclusion of PPPs. In the contrarily, the NDFD% was decreased. Ration (3) had the highest values of TDN%, DDM%, DMI%, NEL, ME, NEM, NEG, DE (Mcal /Lb. of DM) and GE (MJ/Kg DM) while control ration recorded the lowest values. The highest feed cost and price of TDN unit were recorded for the control ration. The highest decreasing price of TDN unit (9.09%) was obtained by ration (3). Inclusion of PPPs instead of BH decreased CP%, EE%, CF% and fiber fraction % of rations 5 and 6, while NFE%, NSC% and NDF-cell soluble % were increased. Concerning, DM digestibility determination, the highest value of TDMD% was obtained with ration 6 followed by ration 5. The predicted energy values were higher with ration 6 while it recorded the lowest valu...

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Seven digestibility trials were carried out on sheep to study the effect of replacing concentrate feed mixture (CFM) with varying amounts of fresh (raw) sunflower oil or heated oil from bean cake (Taamiah) frying, in almost isocalorific and isonitrogenous diets. Boiling altered the physical and chemical properties of oil but not significantly except for the peroxide value (P < or = 0.05). Substitution with fresh oil significantly increased the digestibility of nutrients, whereas the boiled lead to conflicting results where all the digestibilities tended to decrease. The feeding value was also affected by the addition of oil. The blood analyses of the animals reflected biochemical changes indicating some dysfunction of the internal organs, in particular the liver showed signs of hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia. It was concluded that the loss of CFM energy could be partly substituted by fresh oil or by a small amount of waste oil.

Three mature male ruminally canulated sheep were fed at 90% of their ad libitum intake. The three control rations, one from each tested roughage were formulated along with concentrate feed mixture CFM at the commonly practiced ratio being: 30% rice straw RS + 70 CFM 30% maize stalks MS + 70 CFM 40% clover straw CS + 60 CFM With the objective of increasing the use of roughage, six tested diets were formulated two from each roughage by almost doubling their ratio as in the respective control diets and reducing the traditional CFM as a protein supplement to less than one half by either quality soybean meal SBM ,10% or equivalent urea U, 1.2% as follows: 1. 60 % RS + 30% CFM + 10% SBM 2. 60 % RS + 38.8% CFM + 1.2% U 3. 60 % MS + 30% CFM + 10% SBM 4. 60 % MS + 38.8% CFM + 1.2% U 5. 75 % CS + 17% CFM + 8% SBM 6. 75 % CS + 24 % CFM + 1.0% U These proportions were chosen to achieve iso-nitrogenous diets containing about 12% CP necessary for optimal utilization and fermentation of roughages in the rumen rskov et al., 1972.The in situ dry matter disappearance DMD values increased significantly P<0.01 when feeding on CS than MS or RS 50.63, 40.24 and 34.17%, respectively and the neutral detergent fiber disappearance NDFD% increased significantly P<0.01 when feeding on CS than MS or RS 29.81, 28.48 and 27.49%, respectively. The acid detergent fiber disappearance ADFD% followed the same trend of NDF disappearance %. The potential degradability a+b of DM for CS and MS were higher P<0.01 than RS 56.72, 56.37 and 54.08, respectively. The potential degradability a+b of NDF for MS was higher significantly P<0.01 than RS and CS (53.32, 48.32 and 37.91%, respectively). The potential degradability (a+b) of Mehrez, A.Z. et al. 6760ADF for MS and RS were higher (P<0.01) than CS (55.64, 55.08 and 47.05, respectively).The mean rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) values increased significantly (P<0.01) when feeding on MS than CS or RS (9.30, 8.68 and 8.5 ml Eql/100 ml RL, respectively), and the concentration of NH3 was higher (P<0.01) when feeding on MS than CS or RS (18.86, 16.4 and 15.71 mg/100 ml RL, respectively).The DMD% increased significantly when added CFM+U than CFM+SBM or CFM (42.85, 41.93 and 40.26, respectively). The NDFD and ADFD% followed the same trend in DMD (29.74, 28.36 and 27.69, respectively), and (35.97, 35.08 and 34.91, respectively). The potential degradability (a+b) of DM increased significantly (P<0.01) when added CFM+U or CFM+SBM than CFM (56.83, 56.65 and 53.69%, respectively). The potential degradability (a+b) of NDF increased significantly when added CFM+SBM than CFM+U or CFM (48.4, 46.59 and 44.63%, respectively). The potential degradability (a+b) of ADF increased significantly when added CFM+SBM than CFM or CFM+U (56.75, 51.65 and 49.37%, respectively). The buffering capacity (BC) values increased significantly (P<0.01) when added CFM+U than CFM or CFM+SBM (11.03, 10.26 and 9.64 ml Eq./100ml RL, respectively). The VFA values were increased significantly (P<0.01) when ...

Twenty seven weaning New Zealand White (NZW)rabbits of seven weeks old of about 813 g live body weight was randomly distributed into nine groups (three rabbits in each). The experimental groups were fed randomly on one of the nine formulated experimental rations used. The 1 st ration (R1) was used as a control, which contained: 10 % yellow corn+10 % barley+ 13.7 % soybean meal (SBM) + 20 % wheat bran + 40 % clover hay + 3 % molasses+1.0 % calcium diphosphate +1.2 % limestone + 0.5 % sodium chloride+0.4% minerals-vitamins mixture+0.2 % methionine. The substituting (equal parts) from barley and SBM by 10 % and 20 % distiller's dried grains with soluble (DDGS) for ration 2 (R2) and ration 3 (R3), respectively. The supplemented seaweed (SW) for these rations was at tow levels subtracted from the wheat bran. The first level was 0.5 % seaweed for rations R4, R5 and R6. The second level was 1.0 % seaweed for rations R7, R8 and R9. All rations were nearly isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Blood plasma samples were collected from all rabbits after overnight fasting at 7, 9, 11 and 13 weeks to determine glucose, thyroxin (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3). A representative part (5 cm) from the small intestine was dissected immediately after slaughtering the three rabbits in each group to determine glucose absorption rates. The results of the present study revealed that there was no significant effect with feeding on DDGS with or without SW on glucose absorption. The 42 EMAN MAKLAD et al. mean values for glucose absorption were ranged from 0.39 to 0.44 (mg/hr), with feeding on the experimental rations. Rabbit's group fed on 10 % DDGS with 1.0 % SW recorded the highest significant value of blood glucose (132 mg / 100 ml) followed by R4 (fed on 0.0 % DDGS with 0.5 % SW, where the lowest value (109.42 mg / 100 ml) was detected for R2 (fed on 10 % DDGS without SW). There was no significant effect on T4 concentrations with feeding on the experimental rations. The mean values were ranged from 13.70 to 17.92 ng/ml. The highest values were observed with feeding on R8 followed by R9, while the lowest value was observed with feeding on R1. The same trend was observed in T3 concentrations. The mean values were ranged from 3.5 to 4.46 ng/ml. In generally, the T4: T3 ratio was about 4: 1 with feeding the experimental rations.

The effects of feeding naturally contaminated feedstuffs to sheep were investigated through feeding of contaminated and uncontaminated clover hay, rice straw, and concentrate feed mixture were compared. The highest level of contamination with fungi was observed in the concentrate feed mixture followed by clover hay and rice straw. The most dominant mycotoxin in the contaminated feedstuffs was zearalenone. Contamination resulted in increases of crude protein, ash and silica in feedstuffs while both ether extract and crude fibre decreased. In vivo digestibility of different diet constituents in both contaminated and uncontaminated feedstuffs were determined using four mature Rahmani rams. Contamination resulted in significant increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibre and energy. Contamination affected feed intake of the different feedstuffs particularly the concentrate feed mixture. A metabolism trial was also conducted to study the nitrogen and mineral balance. Retention of nitrogen and calcium was reduced when mouldy feeds were given. On the other hand, magnesium was relatively increased. Blood analysis for sheep at the end of the trials resulted in elevated values of inorganic phosphorus and phospholipid phosphorus and declined total nitrogen, calcium, cholesterol, calcium/phosphorus ratio and cholesterol/calcium ratio due to feeding on mouldy ration. Results of the urine analysis during the metabolism trials proved that mouldy ration increased the estimated values of the concentration of calcium, magnesium and vitamin C; whereas pH values, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus were declined during the feeding on the mouldy ration. Mouldy feeds tested, seemed to have toxic, nephritic and hepatic effect.