A study was carried out to test and evaluate the effect of accelerated drying of sunflower seeds on seeds moisture content, fungal load on seeds surface and stabilization of the extracted oil using a conduction heating rotary dryer. The drying temperatures were set at approximately 75, 85, 95,105, 115, 125, 135 and 145 o C and the drying times were set at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min. The results showed that all the drying process occurred at the falling rate period in which the rate of evaporation tends to fall as the moisture content decreases and the drying curve decays exponentially towards the final moisture content. Rapid moisture removal from seeds was obvious in all experiments particularly at higher heating surface temperature and longer exposure time. The results also showed that the simple equation was satisfactorily described the drying behavior of sunflower seeds and predicted the change in seeds moisture content as indicated by the higher coefficient of determination (R 2). Meanwhile, high temperature conduction heating reduced the fungal load in sunflower seeds in an effective manner. Also, the extracted sunflower oil was stabilized at certain combinations of heating surface temperature and exposure time as indicated from the lower values of free fatty acids of the these samples. It can be said that, the accelerated drying and heat stabilization of sunflower seeds using the conduction heating rotary dryer may be considered as an effective procedure for moisture reduction, fungal inactivation and oil stabilization. In general, heating surface temperature of 145 o C and the exposure time of 15 min are recommended to decrease the moisture content of sunflower seeds to the safe level of 5.8% (w.b), the fungal load to 102 colonies/g. and the percentages of free fatty acids to1.97 %.
A field experiment was conducted on a clayey soil during two successive winter seasons of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 at Damas village, Mit Ghamer district, El Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the effectiveness of seed inoculation with rhizobium and foliar spray with zinc and cobalt on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield and its components as well as seed protein and nutrient contents. Zinc and cobalt sulphates were applied at three rates of 0, 250 and 500 mg L -1 for Zn and 0, 15 and 25 mg L -1 for Co. Yield and its components (i.e., number of tillers plant -1 ), number & dry weight of nodules and nitrogenase activity of root nodules plant -1 at two investigated periods of 45 and 70 days from sowing as well as number of pods plant -1 , grain contents of protein and elements (i.e., N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu & Co). Soil content of available nitrogen forms (NH 4 + and NO 3 -Key words: Faba bean, N-biofixation, Zn or Co foliar spray, available nutrients in the soil and seed nutrient contents.
This study is an important strategy to support the local best usage of marginal desert soils as well as low quality water as alternative irrigation water resources, for irrigating. Also, it represents a huge challenge and technical solution for an environmental problem, i.e., the utilization of contaminated sewage effluent as an alternative irrigation source for wooding the west desert outskirts of Luxor as well as Ismailia governorates, Egypt. With no competing food uses, this characteristic turns attention to Jatropha curcas trees, which grow in tropical and subtropical climates. Among the non-edible oil sources, Jatropha curcas is identified as a potential biodiesel source, which has added advantages as rapid growth, higher seed productivity, suitable for tropical and subtropical regions. The integrated combination between wastewater as an irrigation source, marginal desert soil and Jatropha curcas as potential biodiesel source represents a new agriculture strategy as well as affects the country's economy and its development. This is due to the possible adverse effects on either crop products or human health should be alleviated; besides it represents an ideal solution to meet out higher diesel demand.and oil imports. Also, such biodiesel, as a renewable energy source, is becoming increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum fuelled engines. However, the released CO2 as an air volatile pollutant represents a fewer value equal about 20 % of that derived from petroleum fuelled engines. The special attention was focused to optimize the first step of the process for reducing the possible adverse effects of contaminated sewage effluent, among being passed through an oxidation or bio-remediation pond. The second attention was focused to optimize for reducing the possible adverse effects of the marginal desert sandy soil, among being applied a suitable irrigation system of drip irrigation system that partially capable to retain enough available soil moisture range for grown plants and biological activity. The obtained field studies and analytical data indicate that the experimental soil is encompassing by the aeolian deposits, and classified as Typic Torripsamments, siliceous, hyper thermic Typic. The suitability criteria of water source for irrigation purpose indicate that it lies in the first category C1S1, i.e., no problems for salinity and sodicity are expected. An elemental composition analysis of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and Cr as well as biological criteria (i.e., COD, BOD, Fecal Coli, Salmonella and Shighla) was executed on each of the studied irrigation water and experimental soil, and it was found that their available contents still within the permissible limits, since their soluble values in the used irrigation water source are more than the fresh water. Hence, a field experiment was conducted on the chosen soil sites,.The agricultural management practices were conducted as usual. The obtained results showed a...
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