Acute and repeat-dose toxic effects of HOC (7-hydroxycoumarin), ethanol and their mixture were studied in rats. Single oral administration of HOC (5,000 mg/kg) caused transitional glycosuria associated with lowered serum glucose levels, decreased urea clearance. HOC given orally during 28 days (200 mg/kg) decreased serum glucose, and increased serum triglyceride concentrations. No enhancement of acute toxic effect of HOC (5,000 mg/kg) and ethanol (6,000 mg/kg) mixture was found in the acute toxicity study phase. Effect of HOC (200 mg/kg) and ethanol (750 mg/kg) during 28 days of exposure was less pronounced in comparison with HOC effect only, as far as neither decrease of glucose, nor increase of triglyceride serum concentrations were found.

Minimizing the effects of chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear (CBRN) incidents requires the simultaneous efforts of different specialists not only within one state, so recently international projects have been chosen for the purpose of developing and implementing not only national measures to minimize CBRN threats, but also coordination at the international level. The Aim of the Research. Substantiation of the relevance of a permanent international training center organization for the training of specialists in the field of CBRN security (direction — chemical security) for the needs of the power and special structures of Ukraine. Methods. Results of the instruction and trainings conducted within the framework of the project on the establishment of a network of training centers for minimizing the risks related to the CBRN threats in the countries of the region of Southeast and Eastern Europe, held on the basis of State Enterprise “Research Centre of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety named after L. I. Medved”, Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine” (Science Center) in July 2019. Results and Discussion. Project 57: Strengthening the crime scene forensics capabilities in investigating CBRN incidents in the South East and Eastern Europe Centers of Excellence Region (Ref: Europe Aid / IFS / 2016/374993) came into action in 2019. The objective of Project 57 is to introduce a system of trainings on the investigation of CBRN incidents and the gradual formation of relationships between forensic experts and organizations with experience in the field of CBRN materials at the national level. Successful fulfillment of the tasks of investigating CBRN incidents requires constant professional improvement of specialists in various fields and development of the system of communication and interaction at the interdisciplinary level. Project 57 from Ukraine involved Ukrainian experts instructed and trained in EU countries as national forensic trainers in crime scene investigations. These candidates, after conducting the relevant exercises, were involved in conducting trainings on raising the level of knowledge of law enforcement officers of Ukraine. In July 2019, a team-based training (July 5) and national exercises (July 22–25) were held under Project 57 at the Science Center. Law enforcement experts from Ukraine and Moldova participated in the team and staff training. Exercises were performed in groups, and the results of the work were demonstrated and discussed via Skype conference mode. National exercises were conducted in the form of practical exercises in a specially prepared territory of the Science Center. The participants of the training worked with imitation material evidence in protective suits using technical means in real-time situations. In addition to the acquisition of practical skills, there was an exchange of knowledge and experience between the various agencies involved in the field of chemical threat. The participants gained experience that will help to improve management skills and improve coordination and communication between the actors involved in the response to the CBRN incidents. Conclusions. The conducted trainings proved the necessity of introducing a system of continuous professional instruction and advanced training of the staff of special and security structures of Ukraine involved in the investigation of CBRN incidents. Key Words: chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear safety, continuous professional development.

Vitamin D-related health problems remain a global health problem. The growing number of prescriptions of vitamin D by doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in self-intake of vitamin D by the population carries the risk of exogenous hypervitaminosis D, or a syndrome known as vitamin D toxicity. Aim: to summarize the results of scientific research on the vitamin D toxicity, and some aspects related to its overdose. Material and Methods: used methods of content analysis, system and comparative analysis; materials of scientific reviews and separate researches devoted to biochemistry and toxicology of vitamin D (Elsevier, PubMed, ToxNet) with depth of search to 20 years. Results and Discussion. Due to the well-known health risks of vitamin D deficiency, it has become a popular dietary supplement, as evidenced by the progressive growth of both thematic scientific publications (PubMed) and its consumption in many countries around the world. The use of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements is the most common cause of overdose. A review of cases of vitamin D toxicity caused by errors in prescribing or administering the required dose has shown that they may occasionally be accompanied by the development of intoxication. There are many forms of exogenous and endogenous vitamin D toxicity syndrome. Vitamin D toxicity syndrome includes the following symptoms: loss of consciousness, apathy, intermittent vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, and hypercalcemia, which, although uncommon, can be life-threatening if not detected timely, and is an important symptom in the differential diagnosis in patients with hypercalcemia. Despite differing opinions on the target concentration of 25(OH)D or recommended doses of vitamin D for the general population, it was determined that the concentration of 25 (OH) D> 150 ng/ml is a significant risk of developing vitamin D toxicity syndrome, and vitamin D deficiency treatment regimens at high doses require regular monitoring. Conclusions: There is a growing public awareness of the health benefits of vitamin D; however, the increase in its consumption carries, inter alia, the risk of a specific syndrome ‒ the vitamin D toxicity. Family physicians should be informed about the danger of exceeding the recommended (age and body weight) doses, and carry out explanatory work with the public to raise awareness of adverse effects vitamin D overdose. Key Words: vitamin D, toxicity.

Introduction. Despite large experience in the use of basic therapies for acute poisoning by organophosphorus compounds (OPs)of anticholinesterase action and the results of research conducted in the world, the current methods of treatment of such poisonings are insufficient and do not meet requirements for effective treatment and health. Purpose. Based on the analysis of scientific publications to outline the main directions of modern developments of drugs for basic therapy and prevention of acute OPs poisoning at the stages of their experimental assessment. Methods. A systematic content analysis of literature data using the PubMed database was performed. Results. Modern principles of pharmacotherapy of acute anticholinesterase OPs poisoning are based on the use of anticholinergic drugs (mainly atropine), cholinesterase reactivators and anticonvulsant action. M-cholinolytic therapy remains a mandatory basic component of the treatment of acute OPs poisoning. Today, research is aimed at finding less toxic M-cholinolytics with a wider range of therapeutic effects. A cholinesterase reactivator has not yet been developed that has such a spectrum of action that is able to prevent the central effects of OPs poisoning. The effectiveness of the combined action of AChE reactivators has also been insufficiently studied. One approach to solving the problem of protecting the central nervous system in OPs poisoning may be to find a combination of peripheral cholinesterase reactivators with neuroprotectors capable of overcoming the blood-brain barrier. The development of anticonvulsant therapeutic agents requires further study of the mechanism of status epilepticus in acute OPs poisoning. Conclusions. There is an intensive search for OPs poisoning treatments around the world. But in time the relevance and importance of finding and implementing a unified methodology for studying the therapeutic efficacy of a wide range of pharmacological agents at the stage of their preclinical evaluation. Efforts to find means of pharmacologically correcting OPs poisoning should be accompanied by the development of a more prudent regulatory policy in the field of pesticide use. It is also necessary to create a clear and consistent policy on information measures that would focus on the dangers of OPs, as well as contribute to the prevention of mental disorders that provoke suicidal consequences. Key Words: organophosphorus compounds, acute poisoning, means of basic therapy, means of prevention.

Вступ. Незважаючи на значний досвід застосування базових засобів терапії гострих отруєнь фосфорорганічними сполуками (ФОС) антихолінестеразної дії та результати пошукових досліджень, проведених у світі, існуючі наразі методи терапії таких отруєнь виявляються недостатніми та не відповідають сучасним вимогам щодо ефективного лікування та збереження здоров‘я людини. Мета. На підставі аналізу наукових публікацій зробити огляд сучасних лікарських засобів базової терапії та профілактики гострих отруєнь ФОС на етапах їхнього експериментального дослідження, визначити основні напрямки подальшої розробки цих засобів. Методи. Проведено системний контент-аналіз даних літератури з використанням бази даних PubMed. Результати. Сучасні принципи фармакотерапії гострих отруєнь антихолінестеразними ФОС базуються на застосуванні антихолінергічних засобів (переважно атропіну), реактиваторів холінестерази та антиконвульсивної дії. М-холінолітична терапія залишається обов’язковим базовим компонентом терапії гострого отруєння ФОС. Сьогодні дослідження спрямовані на пошук менш токсичних М-холінолітиків з більш широким спектром терапевтичних ефектів. Нині ще не створений реактиватор холінестерази, який має таку характеристику спектру дії і здатний запобігти центральним ефектам при отруєннях ФОС. Недостатньо досліджена й ефективність комбінованої дії реактиваторів АХЕ. Одним з підходів до вирішення проблеми захисту центральної нервової системи при отруєнні ФОС може бути пошук комбінації реактиваторів периферичної холінестерази з нейропротекторами, здатними долати гематоенцефалічний бар’єр. Розробка антиконвульсивних терапевтичних агентів потребує подальшого дослідження механізму епілептичного статусу за гострого отруєння ФОС. Висновки. Триває інтенсивний пошук засобів лікування отруєнь ФОС в усьому світі. Але на часі важливість пошуку і впровадження уніфікованої методології дослідження терапевтичної ефективності широкого спектру фармакологічних засобів на етапі їх доклінічної оцінки. Зусилля щодо пошуку засобів фармакологічної корекції отруєнь ФОС мають супроводжуватися формуванням більш зваженої регуляторної політики у сфері застосування пестицидів. Також необхідно створити чітку і послідовну політику щодо інформаційних заходів, які б зосереджували увагу на небезпечності ФОС, а також сприяли профілактиці ментальних розладів, що провокують суїцидальні наслідки. Ключові слова: фосфорорганічні сполуки, гостре отруєння, засоби базової терапії, засоби профілактики.

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