Associations between fluctuation of treatment need for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and age, gender, stress, and diagnostic subgrouping were analyzed in a 2-year follow-up of 391 subjects. All the studied factors were significantly associated with the treatment need for TMD at all examinations. The diagnostic subgroup (TMD arthro, TMD myo, TMD comb, or non-classified) at base line was significantly associated with the fluctuation of the treatment need for TMD also during the follow-up, but age, gender, and stress score were not. In the subgroup needing active treatment for TMD at least once during the follow-up (n = 65), the stress score did not show statistically significant covariation with the treatment need. The diagnostic subgrouping of these 65 subjects at the second and third examination at 12-month intervals did not show any association with the subgrouping at base line or with any studied variable. Detailed descriptive diagnostics may serve well in treatment planning but do not necessarily help us in understanding the nature of TMD.

In patients with otalgia, infectious otolaryngologic diseases should be ruled out. Then the patients without infection should be remitted to a dentist with stomatognathic experience. In the absence of temporomandibular disorders, further medical consultations (e.g., otorhinolaryngological, neurological, physiatric, and psychiatric) are indicated.

In clinical practice, it is commonly assumed that occlusal splints have therapeutic value in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders CTMD), but the evidence based on randomized controlled trials is scarce. This study evaluated the short-term (10-week) efficacy of a stabilization splint in subjects with recurrent secondary otalgia and active TMD treatment need using a randomized, controlled, double-blind design. Thirty-six subjects were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups: the stabilization splint and the control splint group. After 10 weeks' treatment, the intensity of secondary otalgia, measured on a VAS scale (from 0 to 100 mm), decreased statistically significantly in the stabilization splint group (t 2.12; P 0.006), but not in the control group. Improvement in active TMD treatment need in subjects showing moderate or severe signs and symptoms of TMD was reported significantly more often in the stabilization splint group than in the control splint group (chi2 5.71; P.017). A statistically significant decrease in the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index was seen in the subjects with stabilization splint (Z-2.63; P.009), but not in the subjects with control splint. The results indicate that the use of a stabilization splint is beneficial with regard to secondary otalgia and active TMD treatment need.

We suggest that after ruling out otorhinolaryngologic infectious diseases and temporomandibular disorder in patients with secondary otalgia, the next step is to explore the frequency of stress symptoms, bruxism, and recurrent neck pain. Furthermore, women and men may need a different approach in diagnostics of secondary otalgia. By diagnosing and treating these predictors of otalgia, it may be possible to reach a more successful outcome.

We studied the fluctuation of temporomandibular disorders, applying two classifications systems, in a 2-year follow-up study of 411 subjects. In general, the fluctuation was not large. There were no major differences between the two classifications. In our opinion, a decision to treat a patient on the basis of the treatment need grouping would not lead to overtreatment. The study design suffered from the fact that it is not possible to separate the fluctuation of the TMD itself and the fluctuation of its signs and symptoms from each other, owing to the descriptive nature of the diagnosis 'temporomandibular disorder'.

This study aimed to reveal in general population the prevalence, associations, and statistical model of recurrent tinnitus by means of a mailed questionnaire. The study sample consisted of 1720 randomly selected adults who were classified into three subgroups: recurrent (once a month or more often), occasional (less often than once a month), and no tinnitus. According to age and gender standardized prevalence, recurrent tinnitus was reported in 15% of the sample. It was statistically highly significantly associated with earache, fullness of ears shoulder pain, the 25-years age group, and visits to a physician. The strongest predictor of recurrent tinnitus was fullness of ears followed by earache, shoulder ache, and temporomandibular disorder pain. We conclude that recurrent tinnitus seems to be quite common in adults and associated with earache and fullness of ears In patients with tinnitus without clinical findings, the examination of the stomatognathic system and cervical spine is recommended.

The concepts active and passive treatment need and active and passive prevention need are suggested, to systematize some concepts used in discussions about temporomandibular disorders (TMD), to separate the treatment need figures from the prevalence figures, and to understand the great variation among TMD prevalence studies. On the basis of a summary of recently published papers and on a clinical 2-year follow-up study of 411 subjects, the suggestions seem to provide a reasonably good fit with clinical experience and earlier epidemiologic studies of TMD.