Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to extract the eco-friendly natural dye obtained from the flower of Spathodea campanulata and apply on silk fabric using combination of mordants. The fastness properties of the flower of Spathodea campanulata dyed silk fabric have been studied using different combination (1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) of various mordants, such as myrobolan: nickel sulphate, myrobolan: aluminium sulphate, myrobolan: potassium dichromate, myrobolan: ferrous sulphate and myrobolan: stannous chloride. The wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples have been evaluated.
Design/methodology/approach
– For dyeing there are three methods are used. They are Pre mordanting, Simultaneous mordanting and Post mordanting methods. Dyed silk materials are tested by using wash fastness, rub fastness, light and perspiration fastness methods.
Findings
– It is found that Spathodea campanulata dye can be successfully used for the dyeing of silk to obtain a wide range colours by using various combinations of mordants. With regards to colour fastness, test samples exhibit excellent fastness to washing, rubbing, except for pre-mordanting using myrobolan: potassium dichromate combination; and good to excellent fastness to perspiration in both acidic and alkaline media.
Originality/value
– Availability of literature related to this work is not available. The study of combination of mordants of this natural dye on silk is a new research work and the large scale preparation is definitely very useful to the society.
A simple spin coating method was used to prepare the WO 3 -TiO 2 heterostructural nano bers (HNFs).Various kinds of techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS and XPS, have described the structures, chemical constitutions and morphologies of the samples. Following the decoration of the WO 3 nanocubes on the surface of TiO 2 nano bers, XPS ndings con rmed the presence of W 5+ and the excess proportion of both chemisorbed reactive oxygen and oxygen vacancies. WO 3 incorporated TiO 2 thin lm sensor showed high sensing response (78%), rapid response (20 s) and recovery time (23 s) with respect to other gas molecules (NH 3 , NO 2 , LPG and SO 2 ). The nding demonstrates that the WO 3 -TiO 2 sensor showed good selective response towards H 2 gas. A unique path was created by this work to build hetero-highly ordered mesoporous metal oxides junctions for applications in H 2 gas sensor based devices.
In a fast reactor safety analysis determination of the molten core conditions when it reaches the core catcher plate is one of the main factors after a postulated MFCI event. If large fragmentation and quenching is accomplished in the coolant column no major problems for main vessel attack would occur. If instead, a significant amount of melt would remain as a solid molten cake, potential for lower head penetration would exist. In the present study towards development of a model for core melting and debris settling on to a core catcher plate, early phase of liquid stream fragmentation progression due to hydrodynamic consideration was investigated with woods metal melt water system. The system selected simulates the hydrodynamic physical properties more closely that of liquid UO2-sodium system. Assessment of debris-bed forming characteristics was carried out with different coolant column and different melt temperatures with melt inventories up to 20 kg released from a nozzle of 8 mm diameter. Bed height, debris spread area, jet break up length and repose angle obtained are presented for a melt release rate of ∼ 600 g/s. Only solidified debris constituted the bed for a melt temperature of 100°C and water temperature of 29 °C, with 720 mm water height. The estimated average bed height, bed porosity and heap repose angle were 15 cm, ∼0.6 and 43° respectively. Solidified central columnar lump of height 30 cm was seen for a water column of 360 mm. Relative bed forming characteristics for melt temperatures of 120 °C and 220 °C are also presented. High speed video imaging was taken to assess the stream break up distance and heap formation dynamics. Bulk coolant temperatures close to the melt stream were also monitored. Dependence of particulate debris and bed characteristics on melt temperature, interaction height and melt inventory have been brought out.
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