With 120 million hectares of forest area, Indonesia has the third largest area of biodiversity-rich tropical forests in the world, and it is well-known as a mega-biodiversity country. However, in 2020, only 70 percent of this area remained forested. The government has consistently undertaken corrective actions to achieve Sustainable Development Goal targets, with a special focus on Goals #1 (no poverty), #2 (zero hunger), #3 (good health and well-being), #7 (affordable and clean energy), #8 (decent work and economic growth), #13 (climate action), and #15 (life on land). Good environmental governance is a core concept in Indonesia’s forest management and includes mainstreaming ecosystem services as a framework for sustainable forest management. This paper analyzes efforts to mainstream Indonesia’s remaining forest ecosystem services. We review the state of Indonesia’s forests in relation to deforestation dynamics, climate change, and ecosystem service potential and options and provide recommendations for mainstreaming strategies regarding aspects of policy, planning, and implementation, as well as the process of the articulation of ecosystem services and their alternative funding.
Indonesia is an archipelago with significant variations in natural resources, infrastructure, socioeconomic, culture, human resource capacity, accessibility, and access to financial and technical assistance. In this situation, integrated and unique efforts are needed to manage natural resources and build synergy between their protection and utilization to achieve water, energy, and food (WEF) security in accordance with the SDG targets. This paper analyzes the implementations of the WEF nexus in rural Indonesia by examining existing legal frameworks and other related policies, journals, textbooks, and publications. We explore factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the WEF nexus approaches from technical, socioeconomic, cultural, political, and institutional perspectives of the rural development framework.
In Indonesia, 2145 watersheds currently need to be restored, where around 21 million people spread over ± 23,000 villages live below the poverty line with a high dependence on forests. This condition requires an integrated approach in watershed management, which is aimed at technically restoring environmental conditions and ensuring the welfare of the people in it. One of the strategic approaches that can be taken is to revive local wisdom and traditional knowledge (TK), which has been eroded and neglected, and integrate them with technical approaches based on modern science and knowledge. Based on the author’s research and literature studies, this paper discusses the theoretical framework and implementation practices in integrating traditional knowledge into a science-based sociotechnical system to manage upstream watersheds sustainably. Based on the empirical evidence, efforts to create good biophysical and socio-economic watershed conditions can only be achieved through the active participation of farmers in adopting and integrating scientific technology into their traditional knowledge. This integration is realized in designing and implementing watershed management technology by considering the principles of suitability, applicability, feasibility, and acceptability. In the long term, it is necessary to document TK, patent it, and transfer it to the next generation to ensure that indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ social, cultural, and economic interests are protected.
ABSTRAKUntuk meningkatkan peran aktif masyarakat lokal dalam pengelolaan hutan, manfaat jasa hutan khususnya aliran air untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar mereka harus dimaksimalkan. Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk mengkaji potensi desa dengan sumberdaya hutan yang ada di dalamnya sebagai desa mandiri energi melalui pemanfaatan aliran air yang bersumber dari kawasan hutan. Secara spesifik penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : 1) memperoleh satu paket data potensi desa untuk pembangunan mikrohidro, 2) membangun instalasi mikrohidro dengan memanfaatkan tenaga air, 3) memperoleh satu paket data dampak potensial dari pembangunan mikrohidro terhadap tingkat kepedulian dan partisipasi masyarakat dengan baik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pengamatan langsung, wawancara dan analisis deskriptif. Berdasarkan kondisi lapangan, telah dibangun pembangkit listrik mikrohidro sebesar 10 KVA untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik 131 rumah tangga. Pengguna telah membentuk kelompok untuk secara bersama mengelola operasional turbin secara benar. Kehadiran listrik di desa telah memicu perubahan persepsi menjadi sangat positif terhadap sumber air yang mengalir dari kawasan hutan, meningkatkan partisipasi kolektif, kepedulian dan rasa memiliki dari masyarakat desa terhadap ekosistem hutan. Keywords: Microhydro, energy self-sufficient village, the utilization of water power from forest ecosystem I. PENDAHULUANAir merupakan salah satu komponen utama kehidupan. Karena itu Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada bulan Juli tahun 2010 menyatakan air sebagai bagian dari hak azasi manusia yang harus dipenuhi oleh negara (UNDESA, 2010). Dengan prediksi bahwa, populasi manusia pada 2050 akan meningkat menjadi 9 (sembilan) miliar dari angka 7 (tujuh) milyar pada awal abad 21, maka tanpa pengelolaan sumber air yang baik, krisis air akan terjadi di masa datang.Sehubungan dengan itu pengelolaan dan perlindungan terhadap sumber air harus menjadi perioritas utama. Salah satu bentuk dari pengelolaan dan perlindungan terhadap sumber air adalah membangun komunitas dan ekosistem hutan yang berpengaruh baik terhadap tata air. Namun, kelestarian hutan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kondisi lingkungan sekitarnya, baik yang bersifat ekologis, maupun ekonomis serta sosial masyarakat yang berada di dalam wilayah suatu DAS yang memengaruhi terjadinya dinamika lanskap
Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with 17,000 islands of varying sizes and elevations, from lowlands to very high mountains, stretching more than 5000 km eastward from Sabang in Aceh to Merauke in Papua. Although occupying only 1.3% of the world’s land area, Indonesia possesses the third-largest rainforest and the second-highest level of biodiversity, with very high species diversity and endemism. However, during the last two decades, Indonesia has been known as a country with a high level of deforestation, a producer of smoke from burning forests and land, and a producer of carbon emissions. The aim of this paper is to review the environmental history and the long process of Indonesian forest management towards achieving environmental sustainability and community welfare. To do this, we analyze the milestones of Indonesian forest management history, present and future challenges, and provide strategic recommendations toward a viable Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) system. Our review showed that the history of forestry management in Indonesia has evolved through a long process, especially related to contestation over the control of natural resources and supporting policies and regulations. During the process, many efforts have been applied to reduce the deforestation rate, such as a moratorium on permitting primary natural forest and peat land, land rehabilitation and soil conservation, environmental protection, and other significant regulations. Therefore, these efforts should be maintained and improved continuously in the future due to their significant positive impacts on a variety of forest areas toward the achievement of viable SFM. Finally, we conclude that the Indonesian government has struggled to formulate sustainable forest management policies that balance economic, ecological, and social needs, among others, through developing and implementing social forestry instruments, developing and implementing human resource capacity, increasing community literacy, strengthening forest governance by eliminating ambiguity and overlapping regulations, simplification of bureaucracy, revitalization of traditional wisdom, and fair law enforcement.
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