Natural honey is a source of vital amino acids, easily digestible carbohydrates, macro, microelements, biologically active substances that determine nutritional, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In the conditions of man-caused pollution of Polissya of Ukraine due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, systematic control of the quality and safety of beekeeping products is important. To conduct such research, we created a group of twelve bee families - analogs of the Ukrainian breed, medium strength. Families were kept in unified multifunctional hives. At the beginning of the honey harvest, the bee families were transported to the sunflower fields, where they stayed during the blossoming of the plants. The density of radioactive contamination of 137Cs soils where sunflower was grown was 47.0 kBq / m2. We used organoleptic, physicochemical, microscopic, microbiological, and radiological methods in the study. According to standard methods, we studied the species composition of pollen grains, physicochemical parameters of centrifugal, honeycomb, and «zabrus» sunflower honey.(zabrus honey was obtained from wax caps, which we cut with an apiary knife from honeycombs filled with nectar and sealed by bees). The content of lead (Pb) in honey from sunflower obtained in the conditions of Polissya is 1.8 - 2.1 times higher than the State sanitary norms. The largest amount of it is in the centrifugal honey. In acceptable amounts, the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and 137Cs were present in honey. Pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane, and hexachlorane were not detected in the samples. We investigated the bactericidal action against bacterial growth of typical cultures of Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Zubrus sunflower honey showed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. We found that the value of antioxidant activity (AOA) of sunflower honey depends on the method of its production, duration of storage, and solutions of extracts (alcohol, aqueous) used in research. Laboratory control of transgenic organisms in flowers and sunflower pollen did not reveal the target sequences of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the NOS terminator (nopaline synthase) of the plasmid Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Over the last decades, the number of honey bee colonies in the world has been declining. A honey bee is the most important pollinator in agriculture. According to estimates, such a situation can threaten the food security of humanity. The purpose was to investigate the specific aspects of the managed honey bee population in Zhytomyr region. The population dynamics, number, and density were determined. For this purpose the statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on the number of bee colonies by categories of producers in Ukraine and Zhytomyr region were used. It was established that in Zhytomyr region over the past quarter century, the population of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) has increased by 2 times up to 193.4 thousand colonies. During the same period, the number of bee colonies in Ukraine has increased by 1.4 times. At present, Zhytomyr region is a leader in the state in the development of the beekeeping industry. Eight percent of all honey bee colonies in the country are concentrated here. In the Zhytomyr region, the density of honey bee population is one of the highest in Ukraine. 82 colonies are concentrated here on one conditional pasture area (1256 hectares), with 7 colonies per 100 hectares of land. In Ukraine, these indicators are 52 and 4 respectively. The distribution of bee colonies in the region is uneven. The vast majority of colonies (58.5%) are concentrated in the Polissia. There are from 1 to 18 colonies per 100 hectares of land in each of the units in the region, on the conditional pasture area from 16 to 224. The results of these studies are relevant for the commodity apiaries for the rational use of honey flow and to make a well-considered decision on the prospect of increasing the number of bee colonies. Further work will be aimed at the investigation into the melliferous base and the calculation of the feed balance of the beekeeping industry in Zhytomyr region.
The scientific results of the body weight dynamics, the multiplicity of its increase, the average daily weight gain, the relative growth rate and the exterior indicators are presented. The brewers waste is a high-protein product with a high content of carbohydrates, including fiber.For the research, three groups of Jersey breed were formed on the principle of the analogue group: the first was control, the second and the third – experimental. Their rations were introduced by 15 % and 20 % of dry brewers waste from the total diet, respectively. It was established that the live weight of the experimental cows from the 2nd group was 9.3 times bigger. The live weight of the experimental cows from the 1st and 3rd group increased 9 times. The cows from the 2nd group had the highest average daily weight gain (811.4 g) in the period from 2 to 6 months. It was 3.2 % times more than in the control group and 7.4 % times more than in the 3rd experimental group. The cows from the 2nd experimental group had the highest relative growth rate (85.7 %) in the period from 2 to 6 months which was 2.2 % times more than in the 1st control group and 4.2% times more than in the 3rd experimental group. In the period from 6 to 12 months, the 2nd experimental group had the highest average daily weight gain (671.4 g), which was 2.1 % more than in the 1st control group and 3.5 % more than in the 3rd experimental group. From 6 to 12 months the relative growth rate in all groups was almost the same and ranged from 54.2% – 54.7 %. At the age of 12 months, the 1st control group had greater index (120.4). The 3rd experimental group had 119.6 and the 2nd – 118.6. The 2nd group of the same age had better shooting index than the 1st control group 0.7 % times more and the 3rd group 1.4 % times more. It indicated the better development of the body weight. Key words: dynamics, weight gain, repair heifers, Jersey breed, measurements, indicators.
Production of high-quality and safe food products in the conditions of technogenic environmental pollution is a problem worldwide, especially in Ukraine. As a result of the disaster at the Chornobyl Atomic Power Plant, radioactive substances, including caesium-137, contaminated the soil not only in Ukraine, but in many other countries. Zhytomyr Oblast is the fifth largest oblast in Ukraine and one of the regions that were the most damaged by the accident. Furthermore, this territory is contaminated by the most toxic heavy metals – lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) that actively migrate in the biological system: soil→ plant → animal → production → human, intensely accumulating in the products of plant and animal origin. The complex ecological situation and broad spectrum of biological and toxic actions of 137Cs, Pb, Cd require a number of measures that would prevent transformation of radioactive elements and heavy metals in the organism of animals, increase animals` productivity and safety of the food products made in the conditions of the Ukrainian Polisia. Therefore, we aimed at substantiating the practicability of using silage-concentrate, silage-concentrate-root vegetable and silage-concentrate-hay types of diet for young cattle during fattening and determining the impact of accumulation of 137Сs, Pb and Cd in livestock products. To perform the studies, we formed three groups of young bulls of Ukrainian Black Pied cattle using the method of analogues with creating comfortable maintenance condition and organization of in-detail planned feeding. The diet was composed of fodders prepared in the conditions of radioactive contamination. The laboratory surveys indicated that the main sources of 137Cs ingress in the organism of the animals were roughages and various types of silages, and the sources of heavy metals Pb and Cd were hay of red clover and concentrated fodders. In the experimental studies, we determined absolute and average daily weight gains, expenditures of metabolic energy per 1 kg of weight increment, specific activity of 137Сs and concentrations of the heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the biological system “fodder-animal-production” during feeding of bulls with various-type diets in the conditions of the III zone of radioactive pollution. It was confirmed that substituting maize silage and carbohydrate fodders increased the average daily gains in the live weight by 2.3–4.6%, decreased specific activity of 137Cs by 8.7–20.1%, the content of Pb by 36.2%, Cd by 34.1–66.7% in the longissimus at silage-concentrate-root vegetable and silage-concentrate-hay types of diet for bulls. Thus, use of silage-concentrate-root vegetable and silage-concentrate-hay types of diets compared with silage-concentrate feeding had a positive effect on their productivity and safety of the food production.
Для дослідження створили два стаціонари, які знаходились один в чистій, другий – в радіоактивно забрудненій зонах Житомирського Полісся. На початку досліджень визначили стан медоносної флори Житомирського Полісся, встановили фактори, які впливають на виділення нектару рослинами природних угідь та їх вплив на інтенсивність льотної діяльності. Вплив несприятливих погодних умов на виділення нектару менше позначається на рослинах лісових угідь, ніж це буває на відкритих територіях. Досліджено вплив температури навколишнього середовища на льотну діяльність бджіл у весняний, літній та осінні періоди при використанні природних фітоценозів. Високопродуктивній льотній діяльності бджіл в умовах Полісся сприяє температурний режим навколишнього середовища, максимальне наближення їх до медоносних, пилконосних фітоценозів. Льотна активність бджіл чистої та радіоактивно забрудненої зони змінюється залежно від сили бджолиних сімей, стану медоносної бази та погодних умов періоду медозбору.
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