With a significant concentration of pollutants in the environment, they accumulate in plants, the feeding of which will lead to the transfer of toxic elements to the animal’s body. Even a small concentration of heavy metals or radionuclides adversely affects both the animal and human bodies. Therefore, the monitoring of Pb and Cd in feed, milk, and meat during their production in the territory of the Polissia zone of Ukraine is relevant and requires further comprehensive study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of heavy metals in feed and slaughter products of animals raised in the Polissia zone with various levels of radioactive contamination. The research was carried out on young pigs and steers, which were put to fattening. The paper used the atomic absorption method for determining the content of toxicants in samples and the method of variation statistics for processing the results of the study. The results of studies of the content of Pb and Cd in the samples indicate the presence of substantial fluctuations in heavy metals within individual farms. As the level of 137Cs soil contamination increases, the concentration of toxicants in feed, milk, and the longest back muscle of the animals under study increases. Exceeding of the maximum permissible concentration of Pb in milk (33.8 %) and Cd (41.2 %) was established. The concentration of Cd exceeded the established level in 72.2% of the examined samples of the longest back muscle of cattle and 80.0% of the samples of the longest back muscle of pigs. The Cd content in all feed samples under study was considerably higher than the established norm. The greatest excess of the toxicant was found in samples of hay, straw (41.9 %), cake and meal (60 %). Thus, indicators of the quality of feed and livestock products produced in the farms of the Polissia zone of Zhytomyr Oblast, affected by the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, indicate that the concentration of Pb and Cd in the milk of dairy cows, muscle tissue of young cattle and pigs in most of the analysed sample exceeds sanitary and hygienic requirements. Therefore, to obtain milk and meat within the limits of current regulatory requirements, reducing the accumulation of heavy metals in feed for feeding animals and poultry stays a topical issue.
The study is devoted to the substantiation of the use of grain mixtures with different amounts of triticale in the diets of store pigs of large white breeds and to determine their impact on the quality and safety of pig products during its production in III zone of radioactive contamination caused by the Chernobyl accident. Based on the study, fodder grain mixtures for fattening of store pigs in Ukrainian Polissia have been developed. These mixtures make it possible to replace partially or entirely wheat with triticale in the diets of animals. It has been found that when 20-40% (by weight) of wheat groats in the grain mixture is replaced with a similar amount of triticale groats, the concentration of radiocaesium in muscle tissue of pigs in the experimental groups reduces by 9.6-9.8 Bq/kg or 30.7-31.3% compared to the control group. At the same time, the multiplicity of accumulation of 137Cs in the musculus longissimus dorsi of piglets was 0.233-0.325 and was higher by 4.2-39.5% in animals which received grain mixture No. 1 without triticale, compared with the use of grain mixtures No. 2 and No. 3 (20-40 % of triticale by weight). The concentration of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the products of experimental store pigs was significantly lower than MAC, while the level of contamination of muscle tissue (groups I and II) and liver (groups I and III) with Cd exceeded the regulatory requirements by 2.0-2.4 times and by 24.7-28.7%, respectively. Replacement of 20-40% (by weight) of wheat groats in the grain mixture with a similar amount of triticale groats for fattening store pigs in III zone of radioactive contamination contributed to a much smaller transition of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn into musculus longissimus dorsi – by 3.27 (group III), 0.55-8.96, 1.15-1.27 and 0.52-7.86% absolute), respectively.
The results of scientific research on the solution of the problem of protein supply to young cattle for growing and fattening in the Polesie of Ukraine at the expense of local high-protein feed -peliushki (pea of the field) are summarized. Scientific and production experiments were conducted on the bulls of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in the physiological court of the Institute of Agriculture of Polesye of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In two experiments, rations for experimental steers of control and experimental groups were the same for energy supply, protein, mineral substances and vitamins. The animals of the control groups received feeds in which the lack of digestible protein was provided by feeding the sunflower meal (0.64-0.97 kg/head/day). In the experimental groups, for the balancing of the rations of feeding young cattle for protein, the grain of peas of the field (natural) (0.85 kg/head/day) and extruded (1.03 kg/head/day) was used. The data of the conducted research experiments indicate that the introduction of different high protein feeds into rations of bulls to ensure the optimal level of digestible protein positively affects the productive qualities of animals. Optimization of rations of feeding of bull-calves on digestible protein due to natural and extruded grain of pea field in comparison with sunflower meal helps to increase daily average weight gain of animals by 2.4-6.8% and decrease in feed costs per unit of growth by 0.4-4.4%. The inclusion of peas in the field of the ration of young cattle in comparison with sunflower meal promotes better digestibility of crude protein by 2.8% and lack of extractives by 2.9%. The deposition of nitrogen in the body of the bull-calves of the experimental group relative to the received food and digested was, respectively, 0.8 and 2.3%, than in the control.Keywords: gobies; pea of the field; sunflower meal; digestible protein; live weight; average daily weight gain Digestibility ВведениеПротеиновое обеспечение кормовой единицы в зоне Полесья Украины за последние годы не превышает 80 -82 г. При этом валовой дефицит протеина составляет 18 -20 % к потребности. Вследствие этого ежегодные перерасходы кормов при производстве животноводческой продукции исчисляются в десятках тысяч тонн кормовых единиц. Несбалансированность
Мета. Оцінити вплив годівлі бугайців силосом із 4-компонентної сумішки ярих злаково-бобових зернофуражних культур (овес + пелюшка + люпин вузьколистий + вика яра) порівняно з силосом із пайзи на рівень накопичення Pb і Cd у їхній м'язовій тканині та печінці. Методи. Сформовано 2 групи піддослідних бугайців: І група (контрольна) -згодовували злаково-бобовий силос; ІІ група (дослідна) -отримувала експериментальний силос із пайзи. Підготовку зразків рослинного та тваринного походжень для встановлення в їхньому складі важких металів здійснювали методом сухої мінералізації, аналіз -на атомно-абсорбційному спектрофотометрі «Квант-2А». Результати. Визначено концентрацію важких металів у кормах раціонів піддослідних тварин. Установлено, що наявність у кормах Pb і Cd призводить до їхнього накопичення у найдовшому м'язі спини і печінці бугайців. Згодовування молодняку великої рогатої худоби різних силосів вплинуло на накопичення важких металів у продукції. Наразі концентрація Pb і Cd у найдовшому м'язі спини і печінці бугайців виявилася нижчою від гранично допустимої концентрації. Висновки. Заміна у раціонах багатокомпонентного силосу зі злаково-бобових культур (овес + пелюшка + люпин вузьколистий + вика яра) на силос із пайзи за відгодівлі бугайців у ІІІ зоні радіоактивного забруднення негативно позначається на екологічній якості продукції, підвищуючи вміст важких металів у м'язовій тканині на 5,4 -33,3%. Водночас коефіцієнт переходу Cd в найдовший м'яз спини виявився нижчим на 0,68% абс. у молодняку ІІ (дослідної) групи порівняно з контролем. Тваринництво, ветеринарна медицина ТВАРИННИЦТВО, ВЕТЕРИНАРНА МЕДИЦИНАНакопичення Pb і Cd у м'язовій тканині та печінці бугайців за їх годівлі різними силосами
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